This term paper explores the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking in systems with non-abelian gauge symmetry. The most famous example comes from the standard model of particle physics, wherein symmetry breaking is responsible for the masses of the W and Z bosons and the corresponding short range of the weak nuclear force. The electroweak theory will be discussed as well as a more ambitio...

Charge-symmetry breaking in the nucleon-nucleon force is investigated within an effective field theory, using a classification of isospin-violating interactions based on power-counting arguments. The relevant charge-symmetry-breaking interactions corresponding to the first two orders in the power counting are discussed, including their effects on the 3He − 3H binding-energy difference. The stat...

Symmetry is an important feature of many combinatorial search problems. We propose a new method for dynamically posting static symmetry breaking constraints during search. This method is based on the observations that any symmetry of a set of symmetry breaking constraints can be used to break symmetry, and different symmetries pick out different solutions. We choose which symmetry to post as br...

We use atomic force microscopy to image grain boundaries and ripples in graphene membranes obtained by chemical vapor deposition. Nanoindentation measurements reveal that out-of-plane ripples effectively soften graphene's in-plane stiffness. Furthermore, grain boundaries significantly decrease the breaking strength of these membranes. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that grain boundaries ...

We introduce a new confining force (μ-color) at TeV scale to dynamically generate a supersymmetry preserving mass scale which would replace the μ parameter in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). We discuss the Higgs phenomenology and also the pattern of soft supersymmetry breaking parameters allowing the correct electroweak symmetry breaking within the μ-color model, which have qu...

The static properties of the multi-chain Frenkel–Kontorova model are studied numerically. In the case of incommensurate structure, the transition by breaking of analyticity appears in each chain. A new hull function h(x), which also shows the transition by breaking of analyticity, is defined. The static friction (depinning force) depends strongly on the strength of the substrate potential, the ...

This paper is intended to study impact forces of breaking waves on a rigid wall based on a nonlinear potential-flow theory. This is a model problem for some technologically important design issues such as the impact of breaking waves on ships, coastal and offshore structures. We are interested in the short-time successive triggering of nonlinear effects using a small-time expansion. The analyti...

Tests were conducted to determine the effects of drying conditions on the rate of fissure formation after drying and the resultant mechanical strength distributions of individual rice kernels. Long-grain varieties Cypress, Drew, and Wells at 21% harvest moisture content (HMC) were dried at 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, and 60°C and constant 17% relative humidity (RH) to 12% MC. Immediately after dryi...

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Sigma Anti-bonding Molecule Calcium Carbonate (SAC) as therapy for ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. Three weeks after surgery, fifteen ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into 3 groups: sham-operated group (sham), ovariectomized group (OVX) and SAC-treatment group (OVX+SAC). The OVX+SAC group was given drinking wat...