1.Environmental changes may not always result in rapid changes in species distributions, abundances or diversity. In order to estimate the effects of, for example, land-use changes caused by agri-environment schemes (AES) on biodiversity and ecosystem services, information on the time-lag between the application of the scheme and the responses of organisms is essential.2.We examined the effects...

The available butterfly data sets comprise a few limited species, and the images in the data sets are always standard patterns without the images of butterflies in their living environment. To overcome the aforementioned limitations in the butterfly data sets, we build a butterfly data set composed of all species of butterflies in China with 4270 standard pattern images of 1176 butterfly specie...

intra-oral appliances such as transpalatal arch and nance appliance fail to resist against forces that tend to loosen the anchorage. the infirmity arises due to the long lever arm and the mesial force that is perpendicular to the long axis of the appliance. the butterfly arch is presented here as an intra-oral appliance that withstands the mesially directed forces with a mechanism that puts str...

We aggregated data on butterfly-host plant associations from existing sources in order to address the following questions: (1) is there a general correlation between host diversity and butterfly species richness?, (2) has the evolution of host plant use followed consistent patterns across butterfly lineages?, (3) what is the common ancestral host plant for all butterfly lineages? The compilatio...

ABSTRACT Novel realizations of reversible logic transforms using reversible butterfly diagrams are presented. Two design methods are shown using: (1) classical Kronecker recursion, and (2) parallel orderings of new classes of reversible butterfly diagrams. Quantum circuits that realize the new classes of butterfly diagrams are also introduced. Since the reduction of power consumption is a major...

This study examines butterfly larval host plants, herbivory and related life history attributes within Nagpur City, India. The larval host plants of 120 butterfly species are identified and their host specificity, life form, biotope, abundance and perennation recorded; of the 126 larval host plants, most are trees (49), with fewer herbs (43), shrubs (22), climbers (7) and stem parasites (2). Th...

Butterfly valve is a flow control device, which is used to regulate the fluid flowing through a piping system. Analysis and optimization are of special importance in the design and usage of butterfly valves. A proper selection of a Butterfly valve would require the knowledge of its characteristics and robustness. Normally this information used to be obtained from experimental tests. However the...

Children's ability to interpret color adjective noun phrases (e.g., red butterfly) as contrastive was examined in an eyetracking study with 6-year-old Russian children. Pitch accent placement (on the adjective red, or on the noun butterfly) was compared within a visual context containing two red referents (a butterfly and a fox) when only one of them had a contrast member (a purple butterfly) o...

This paper proposes and analyzes a novel interconnection network called Butterfly-de-Bruijn, which is a Product of wrap-around Butterfly and de Bruijn Networks. This new network, as a product of Butterfly (Bn) and de Bruijn (Dn) networks of degree n and denoted as BnDn, provides the connection among n2 2 nodes with a diameter of |_3n/2_|, same as butterfly network, and a constant node degree of...

Wireless sensor network (WSN) plays a vital part in real time tracking and data collection applications. WSN incorporates set of numerous nodes (SNs) commonly utilized to observe the target region. The SNs operate using an inbuilt battery it is not easier replace or charge it. Therefore, proper utilization available energy essential prolong lifetime WSN. In this study, effective Type-II Fuzzy L...