For any such use of scale scores, there is a critical assumption that the scale is measuring the same trait in all of the groups. If that assumption holds, then comparisons and analyses of those scores are acceptable and yield meaningful interpretations. But if that assumption is not true, then such comparisons and analyses do not yield meaningful results. This is the general issue of (MI). mea...

background: outstanding leadership is one of the important and vital concepts in management and educational leadership debates especially in educational organizations such as universities. thus, effective educational leadership and adopting an appropriate tool to assess leadership in education are crucial in these institutions. the present study was conducted to develop an instrument for measur...

This research examined the validity of the Performance Environment Perception Scales (PEPS), a new instrument designed to assess performance-relevant aspects of the work environment. A sample of 156 employees of an Australian university completed the PEPS and their supervisors rated their task and citizenship performance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed the PEPS to have a valid factor struc...

conclusions this study has provided some preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the persian version of rcas when used with family caregivers of older adults with dementia. background caregivers’ self-assessments of the care they provide are the main vehicles that help explore their experiences and are thought to have a major role in care outcomes. the rising number of people wi...

This article explored the effect of resource-based capability and inter-organizational coordination on a firm’s supply chain management focus. We proposed a conceptual framework to describe these two sets of antecedents. The hypotheses were tested using confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regression on a set of data collected in the U.S., Europe, and New Zealand. Test results revea...

The paper reports results from a pilot study into marketing assets and capabilities. Empirical work conducted in the UK and Austria is used to test a set of items for measuring these marketing resources using confirmatory factor analysis. The resulting scales are both conceptually and empirically validated and shown to offer excellent levels of reliability.