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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been proposed to be the ancestral GHRH. Recently, using grass carp as a model for modern-day bony fish, we demonstrated that PACAP nerve fibers are present in close proximity to carp somatotrophs, and mammalian PACAPs can induce GH secretion in carp pituitary cells. To further examine the role of PACAP as a GH-releasing factor in fi...

The effects of naltrexone on the in vitro luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion from whole pituitary glands as well as from dispersed pituitary cells of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in primary cell culture were studied. The perifusion of whole pituitary glands with naltrexone at a concentration of 10 M caused a significant increase of LH secretion compared to the control. This finding suggests...

We have identified 88 interactor candidates for human growth hormone (GH) by the yeast two-hybrid assay. Among those, we focused our efforts on carboxypeptidase E (CPE), which has been thought to play a key role in sorting prohormones, such as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), to regulated secretory vesicles. We found that CPE co-localizes with and interacts with GH in AtT20 pituitary cells. Downreg...

Gonadotrophin regulation by activin/follistatin system is well-documented, but the corresponding effect on growth hormone (GH) has not been fully characterized and with little information available in lower vertebrates, especially in fish models. In grass carp, local interactions of GH and luteinizing hormone (LH) can induce GH release and gene expression at pituitary level via autocrine/paracr...

School of Environment and Natural Resources Ohio State University Extension Columbus, Ohio, USA Leonardo et al. (2004) obtained 100% ovulation in females of P. fasciatum maintained in ponds in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, following hormonal injections of carp pituitary extract (CPE) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In that study, the most detailed thus far, females released between 17 and 20%...

This review article deals with the documentation of all previous work on propagation Gattan. It was found that induced spawning Gattan is similar to common carp and Bunnei. The sensitive brooders needs a great care during handling transportation. weight 5 were 1.5-10 kg for females 1-2.5 males, age 4-9 3-6 males respectively. artificial breeding season continue from10 March till mid June. MS222...

BACKGROUND Cocoa pod is an outer part of cocoa fruits being discarded during cocoa bean processing. Authors found out that data on its usage in literature as cosmetic materials was not recorded in vast. In this study, cocoa pod extract was investigated for its potential as a cosmetic ingredient. METHODS Cocoa pod extract (CPE) composition was accomplished using UHPLC. The antioxidant capacity...

The endocrine response of crucian carp injected intraperitoneally with extracted microcystins (MC) was investigated in this study. Fish were injected intraperitoneally either with 0.75% NaCl (control) and Microcystis extract corresponding to 150 and 600 microg microcystins per kg body weight. The plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), free triiodothyronine (FT(3)), free thy...

Vesicular transport of peptide hormones from the cell body to the plasma membrane for activity-dependent secretion is important for endocrine function, but how it is achieved is unclear. Here we uncover a mechanism in which the cytoplasmic tail of transmembrane carboxypeptidase E (CPE) found in proopiomelanocotin (POMC)/ACTH vesicles interacts with microtubule-based motors to control transport ...