CD4+ T cells have orchestrated and regulated immunity since the introduction of jawed vertebrates, yet our understanding cell evolution, development, cellular physiology has only begun to be unearthed in past few decades. Discoveries genetic diseases that ablate this population provided insight into their critical functions while transcriptomics, proteomics, high-resolution microscopy recently ...

Carbonic anhydrases are zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO(2) to form HCO(3)(-) and protons according to the following reaction: CO(2) + H(2)O <=> H(2)CO(3) <=> HCO(3)(-) + H(+). The first reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase and the second reaction occurs instantaneously. The carbonic anhydrase (CA) gene family includes ten enzymatically active members, whi...

The human cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored membrane glycoprotein with two N-glycosylation sites at residues 181 and 197. This protein migrates in several bands by Western blot analysis (WB). Interestingly, PNGase F treatment of human brain homogenates prior to the WB, which is known to remove the N-glycosylations, unexpectedly gives rise to two do...

This second edition of the Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Neurons by Professor Gordon Fain is a masterpiece. The book is a concise and updated version of its previous 1999 edition of a textbook, which is well written and with easy to understand topics that are fundamental for those who are deeply interested in understanding the detailed principles of neuronal physiology at the molecular l...

The respiratory muscles have been studied extensively during the last 20 yrs. This interest was triggered predominantly by the observation made by ROUSSOS and MACKLEM [1] that the respiratory muscles, like all other skeletal muscles, may fatigue. Subsequent research critically examined the significance of inspiratory muscle fatigue in clinical pulmonary medicine. The conclusion of this research...