background surgeon’s depend to a large degree on the amount of blood loss and a clear view of the surgical field, when conducting endoscopic procedures in order to achieve satisfactory outcomes. the anesthesiologist’s choice of method for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia plays a major role in achieving this goal. objectives this study was performed in order to compare the two most we...

b a c k ground: csf is a clear liquid that its mechanical properties are to a large extent similar to water properties. regarding the lack of a numerical index for diagnosis of diseases resulting from increased csf pressure such as hydrocephalus, evaluation of hydrodynamic conditions of csf in cerebral ventricular system is of great importance. methods: at first, the diagram of velocity in sylv...

results out of 2229 suspected meningitis cases, 255 (11.4%) were detected as positive culture. most of the isolates were gram-positive cocci, which 116 (45.5%) were staphylococcus epidermidis, and 20 (7.8%) identified as streptococcus spp. among gram-negative isolates, escherichia coli and acinetobacter spp., each with 19 isolates (5.9%), were predominant. overall, the most effective antibiotic...

osteopontin also known as bone sialoprotein (bsp). osteopontin role as a linking protein. it is an extracellular structural protein and therefore an organic component of bone. osteoprontin (opn) binds to several integrin receptors containing α4β1, α9β1, and α9β4 expressed by leukocytes. these receptors have been well-stable to function in cell adhesion, migration, and survival in these cells. i...

background and objective: febrile convulsions (fc) are the most common seizure disorder in children. lumbar puncture should be considered in any case with fc who is suspected to intracranial infections. this study determined white blood cell and polymorphonuclear cell counts, and protein and glucose levels in cere-brospinal fluids (cfs) of children hospitalized with fc. methods: in this cross s...

oligoclonal bands (ocb) can be detected in a significant percentage (90%) of patients with multiple sclerosis (ms), however, a much lower percentage has been reported in some studies, mainly from oriental countries. on the other hand, ocb have been detected in other neurological disorders (ond), even in diseases without any definite evidence for inflammation in csf such as myasthenia gravis. th...

meningitis is one of the most common infectious cerebral nervous system (cns), defined as an inflammation of the meninges. it is clinically categorized into a chronic and acute based on the acuity of symptoms. vomiting, bulging fontanel and fever are the main symptoms in the patients with meningitis. bacterial meningitis is a severe, potentially life-threatening infection that is associated wit...

how to cite this article: khosroshahi n, alizadeh p, khosravi m, salamati p, kamrani k. spinal fluid lactate dehydrogenase level differentiates between structural and metabolic etiologies of altered mental status in children. iran j child neurol. 2015 winter;9(1):31-36. abstract objective altered mental status is a common cause of intensive care unit admission in children. differentiating struc...