Hindi: "भूतकाल का अध्ययन केवल वर्तमान के माध्यम से ही किया जा सकता है । बीते हुए समय लिए वस्तुओं तथा में विद्यमान संस्करणों को भूतकाल अवशेषों रूप लेकर उनसे की घटनाओं बारे निष्कर्ष निकाला जाता है। वे तर्क जिनके आधार पर निकाले जाते हैं संबंधों अवलोकन आधारित होते हैं"।1 
 English: The excavation work done in India gives information about the stages of ancient Indian culture and various cultural region...

Although archaeological research suggests that mining/metallurgy already started in the Chalcolithic (3rd millennium BC), the earliest atmospheric metal pollution in SW Europe has thus far been dated to ~3500-3200 cal.yr. BP in paleo-environmental archives. A low intensity, non-extensive mining/metallurgy and the lack of appropriately located archives may be responsible for this mismatch. We ha...

The first Mesopotamian city-states in the Uruk period (ca. 3800-3100 B. C.) pursued a strategy of commercial expansion into neighboring areas of the Zagros Mountains, Syria, and southeastern Anatolia. Recent research in these areas has located several Uruk outposts, in what is apparently the world's earliest-known colonial system. Although some Uruk "colonies" have been excavated, virtually not...

Archaeological excavations in the Areni-1 cave complex in southeastern Armenia revealed installations and artifacts dating to around 4000 cal. BCE that are strongly indicative of wine production. Chemical evidence for this hypothesis is presented here using a new method to detect the anthocyanin malvidin that gives grapes and pomegranates their red color. Using solid phase extraction (SPE) and ...

ABSTRACT The possibility to conduct new fieldwork projects in previously largely unexplored Iraqi Kurdistan during the past decade has reinvigorated research into transformative fifth third millennium BCE (Chalcolithic Early Bronze Age) southwest Asia when human societies grew from small, autonomous villages centralized states with urban centers. Major efforts synchronize stratigraphic sequence...

This article publishes a new series of radiocarbon dates from Tell Yunatsite, Southern Bulgaria. Context-based excavations undertaken over large surface area, as well small test trench, provided long stratigraphic sequence (11 ‘building levels’) covering part the Chalcolithic period in Thrace (5th millennium BCE). Bayesian statistics and Gaussian Monte Carlo Wiggle Matching were employed to ach...