at measures encouraged by hygienic and moral reasoning, playing an important role in the building of the modern sociological and cultural limits of childhood. But they were not built on a rational scientific basis, and that had serious consequences. Both models failed not only by not ending child labour, but also by increasing the precariousness of children’s lives. In the long term, families d...

We estimate the e¤ect of child home care allowance to parents’ labour supply. A municipal supplement to home care allowance in Finnish child care system provides exogenous variation to labour supply. The supplement allows us to compare labour outcomes of similar families that receive di¤erent home care allowances because they live in di¤erent municipalities. The results for mothers indicate a l...

Background and aim: The third stage of labour is one of the most troublesome stages of child delivery. The basic principle of the third stage management is administrating prophylactic uterotonics. However, the time of its administration varies in different hospitals. This study aimed to determine the effect of intramuscular oxytocin injection after emergence of the fetal anterior shoulder or pl...

This paper investigates why children work by studying the wage elasticity of child labour supply. It is argued that a negative wage elasticity favours the hypothesis that poverty compels work whereas a positive wage elasticity would favour the alternative view that children work because the relative returns to school are low. Using data for 2400 households in rural Pakistan, we estimate structu...

The paper considers whether letting children combine work and school is a valid and effective approach in Cambodia. Policy makers’ suggestions that child labour should be allowed to some extent due to household poverty appear ungrounded as no significant relation between children’s work and household poverty is found while arranging school timetables flexibly in order to accommodate households’...

Child labour has always been one of the core concerns of the International Labour Organisation (ILO). In this paper, we investigate whether ILO conventions have contributed to reducing the scale of the problem. We use two approaches to answering the question. Evidence based on country-level data shows that, by 1990, countries having ratified ILO conventions were in no different position concern...