This paper discusses the role of donor organizations during the transition process of CEE countries. Previous research pointed to them as the ones to blame for the failure of many assistance projects. This paper investigates what those donor organizations have to say themselves. It departs form the theory of social exchange which focuses on situations of imbalance of costs and rewards which is ...

Since late 1980s four systems of stages of higher education and qualifications have been in force in Estonia. The higher education system has been changed or reorganized through three phases of reforms, important periods were in 1989-1991, 1995-1996 and 20012002. The latter phase of reforms was clearly facilitated and conducted by the progressive Bologna process. Similarly to other CEE countrie...

In this paper we discuss the new demands put on university faculty for involvement in delivery of Continuing Engineering Education. CEE programmes are often composed in the same way as on-campus programmes – which means straight forward for teachers to conduct. However, the needs for new knowledge and new competencies in small and medium sized enterprises and for teams in larger enterprises are...

O6-Ethylthioethyldeoxyguanosine has been synthesized from 6-chloro-3',5'-di-O-acetyldeoxyguanosine and characterized by UV, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry. High-pressure liquid chromatography studies have shown that this modified nucleoside is formed when the one-armed sulfur mustard, chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, reacts with deoxyguanosine. This result supports the hypothesis that the mutage...

The detection and identification of chemical warfare agents is an important analytical goal. Herein, it is demonstrated that 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (half-mustard, CEES) can be successfully analysed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A critical component in this detection system is the fabrication of a robust, yet highly enhancing, sensor surface. Recent advances in substrate...

O6-Ethylthioethyldeoxyguanosine has been synthesized from 6-chloro-3',5'-di-O-acetyldeoxyguanosine and characterized by UV, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry. High-pressure liquid chromatography studies have shown that this modified nucleoside is formed when the one-armed sulfur mustard, chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, reacts with deoxyguanosine. This result supports the hypothesis that the mutage...

in this work, zncao2 (zinc oxide-calcium oxide) nanocomposite were synthesized at different temperatures (500-700°c) by sol-gel method based on polymeric network of polyvinyl alcohol (pva). the synthesized samples were characterized by sem/edax, ft-ir and xrd techniques. it was found that synthesized nanocomposites have 1.62, 2.05 and 13.91%wt of cao, respectively. the obtained results show tha...

catalytic and photocatalytic reactions of (2-chloroethyl) phenyl sulfide (2-ceps), a mimic of bis (2-chloroethyl)  sulfide (i.e. sulfur mustard) were studied on the surfaces of titanium oxide. tio2 nanoparticles (anatase, rutile and mixture of 80% anatase/20% rutile) along with bulk tio2 were tested as reactive sorbents for reaction of 2-ceps at room temperature (25±0.5°c). reactions were monit...

Mustard gas, bis(β-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD), is highly toxic and harmful to humans and the environment. It comprises one class of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) that was used in both World Wars I and II. The three basic analogues or surrogates are: the monochloro derivative, known as the half mustard, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES); an oxygen analogue, bis(β-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE); and ...

In this work a novel bioassay for mustard agent detection was proposed. The bioassay is based on the capability of these compounds to inhibit the enzyme choline oxidase. The enzymatic activity, which is correlated to the mustard agents, was electrochemically monitored measuring the enzymatic product, hydrogen peroxide, by means of a screen-printed electrode modified with Prussian Blue nanoparti...