BACKGROUND Malaria is a major public health problem representing 2.3% of the overall global disease burden. The cost of treatment of malaria continues to rise as older drugs and insecticides become less effective and are replaced by more effective, but also more expensive products. METHODS A post-hoc pharmacoeconomic analysis (direct and indirect costs only) of three antimalarials, chloroquin...

BACKGROUND Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Chloroquine resistance has been associated in vitro with point mutations in two genes, pfcrt and pfmdr 1, which encode the P. falciparum digestive-vacuole transmembrane proteins PfCRT and Pgh1, respectively. METHODS To assess the value of these mutations as markers for...

It was proposed earlier that Pfcrmp (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance marker protein) may be the chloroquine target protein in nucleus. In this communication, further evidence is presented to support the view that Pfcrmp may play a key role in chloroquine antimalarial actions as well as resistance development. PR EL IM IN A R Y R EP O R T

Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is the most common malaria species in sub-Saharan Africa. Chloroquine used to be the most common drug for the treatment of malaria. Due to development of resistance, chloroquine is no longer efficacious in most of the world. The first line option for treatment of P. falciparum is now artemisinin based combination therapy, such as ...

Molecular studies have demonstrated that mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene (Pfcrt) play a major role in chloroquine resistance, while mutations in P. falciparum multidrug resistance gene (Pfmdr-1) act as modulator. In Madagascar, the high rate of chloroquine treatment failure (44%) appears disconnected from the overall level of in vitro CQ susceptibi...

The ability of four 9,10-dihydroethanoanthracene derivatives (BG920, BG932, BG958, and BG996), as well as verapamil and promethazine, to reverse chloroquine resistance was assessed against 24 chloroquine-resistant and 10 chloroquine-susceptible strains of Plasmodium falciparum from different countries. The 9,10-dihydroethanoanthracene derivatives clearly increase chloroquine susceptibility only...

Between 1978 and 1988 Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine has been reported in all countries of tropical Africa. Despite the intensification of resistance during the last 2 decades, chloroquine remains in 2000 the first-line treatment for malaria in most of these countries. Here we review published data on the public health impact of antimalarial drug resistance in Africa. These dat...

A novel Plasmodium falciparum gene, denoted cg2 gene, has been recently discovered, and a distinct genotype, characterized by 12 point mutations and 3 size polymorphisms, has been shown to be associated with chloroquine resistance in laboratory-adapted parasite strains. One of the polymorphic regions, denoted the omega region, consists of 16 tandem repeat units in chloroquine-resistant strains,...

Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is primarily conferred by mutations in pfcrt. Parasites resistant to chloroquine can display hypersensitivity to other antimalarials; however, the patterns of crossresistance are complex, and the genetic basis has remained elusive. We show that stepwise selection for resistance to amantadine or halofantrine produced previously unknown pfcrt mutati...

Chloroquine (CQ) is highly effective against P. vivax, due to the rapid spread of CQ resistance in P. falciparum parasites; it is no longer the drug of choice against P. falciparum. This study elucidates the scenario of chloroquine efficacy at times that coincided with a new drug policy and especially assessed the chloroquine resistant molecular markers after withdrawal of chloroquine in Kolkat...