conclusions the brachial plexus block can be performed at different levels in the same patient to achieve desired results, while employing sound anatomical knowledge and adhering to the maximum safe dose limit of the local anesthetic. case presentation we present the case of a 68-year-old gentleman who had brachial plexus block at supraclavicular and interscalene levels as the sole anesthetic f...

PURPOSE In the chick, compensation for experimentally induced defocus involves changes in the thickness of the choroid. The choroid thickens in response to imposed myopic defocus and thins in response to imposed hyperopic defocus. This study was undertaken to determine whether similar choroidal changes occur in the primate eye with induced refractive errors. METHODS Thirty-three common marmos...

We investigated if prostaglandins might regulate the increased choroidal endothelial (e) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in the perinate. Prostaglandins, eNOS mRNA, immunoreactive protein and activity, and nitrite [stable metabolite of nitric oxide (NO)] production were markedly higher in newborn (1 day old) than juvenile (6-8 wk old) pig choroid. Treatment of isolated newborn choroids w...

PURPOSE All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) has been implicated in the local regulation of scleral proteoglycan synthesis in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to identify the enzymes involved in the synthesis of atRA during visually guided ocular growth, the cells involved in modulation of atRA biosynthesis in the choroid, and the effect of choroid-derived atRA on scleral proteoglycan synth...

PURPOSE To determine whether changes in the eye's effective refractive state produce changes in the thickness of the choroid in infant monkeys. METHODS Normal developmental changes in choroidal thickness were studied in 10 normal rhesus monkeys. Hyperopia or myopia was induced by rearing 26 infant monkeys with either spectacle or diffuser lenses secured in front of one or both eyes. The treat...

conclusions bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation is very rare. the excessive traction force during closed reduction may lead to nerve palsy. clear documentation of neurovascular status and adequate imaging before and after a reduction should be performed. introduction unilateral anterior shoulder dislocation is one of the most common problems encountered in orthopedic practice. however, simu...

choroid plexus papillomas are rare intracranial tumors, accounting for less than 1% of all intracranial tumors in adults. however, they are relatively more common in children and constitute 1.5 to 4% of childhood intracranial tumors. in children, choroid plexus papillomas are predominately located in the lateral ventricles, followed by the forth and third ventricles and, rarely, in the cerebell...

neurolymphomatosis is a rare manifestation of non-hodgkin lymphoma characterized by infiltration of peripheral nerves, nerve roots, plexus and cranial nerves by malignant lymphocytes. this report presents positron emission tomography/computed tomography (pet/ct)imaging with 2-deoxy-2-18f-fluoro-d-glucose (18f-fdg) in 3 cases of non-hodgkin lymphoma with nerve infiltration, including one newly d...