hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a crucial public health problem with approximately 350 million affected people and a death rate of 0.5 to 1.2 million per year worldwide. it proceeds to end-stage liver diseases including cirrhosis with hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). pakistan lies in the endemic region with 3% hbv carrier rate in the country. the differences in disease outc...

Chronic hepatitis B is still a major public health issue despite the successful prophylactic vaccination attempts. Chronicity of hepatitis B virus(HBV) is mainly due to its ability to debilitate host's immune system. Therefore, major measures have been taken to stop this process and help patients with chronic hepatitis B infection recover from their illness. While satisfactory results have been...

background torque teno virus (ttv) belongs to the circoviridae family and was separated from japanese patients with elevated levels of serum alanine transferase for the first time. following this, extensive studies have been carried out around the world. objectives the present study was designed to investigate and determine the frequency of ttv genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis b and...

hepatitis delta virus (hdv) infection results in more severe and even fulminant form of hepatitis b in co-infected cases. this study was designed to estimate the prevalence of anti-hdv positivity and the associated risk factors in patients with chronic hepatitis b virus infection in zahedan (iran). in this cross-sectional study a total of 440 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis b virus ...

background: hepatitis e virus is an enterically transmitted virus that is endemic in south asia and this virus is one of the most important cause of acute hepatitis in this region. although hepatitis e virus (hev) is not a leading cause for chronic hepatitis, the role of hev in exacerbation of chronic liver disease is certain. materials and methods: 100 cirrhotic cases (50 hepatitis b and 50 he...

conclusions this study suggests that the il-7 level of chb patients may be related to tfh cells. in chb patients, il-7 possibly increases the level of tfh cells and hbv-specific cellular immune responses and thereby reduces the hbv dna level. background in patients with chronic hepatitis b (chb), the relation of interkeukin-7 (il-7) to either the t follicular helper cells (tfh cells) or to a sp...

today, chronic viral hepatitis is considered as a public health problem in the world. totally, 5% of the world population, especially in asia and africa suffer from this problem. the prevalence of acute hepatitis in america is 0.1-0.2 percent, 50% of those with hepatitis c (hcv) and 5-10% of them with hepatitis b (hcv) develop chronic hepatitis. determining hbv and hcv genotypes is important to...

abstract       background and objective: hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a dna virus with high tendency toward hepatic tissue. there are currently about 3 million hbv-infected people and 350 to 400 million chronic carriers of this virus in the world. x protein plays a role in the over-expression of oncogenes, carcinogenicity of liver cells and overlaps with the basal core promoter of the virus. muta...