various substances in cigarette smoke including nicotine have been shown to promote/induce cancer cell proliferation. since cotinine has a longer half life and stability in the blood, it has become the preferred biomarker for cigarette smoking exposure. seventy-three gastric cancer patients were included in this study. the tumor tissues were stained with h and e for pathological evaluation. the...

abstract background: research suggests that factors in the environment are major determinants of health behavior for populations. this cross-sectional study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection methods to determine the prevalence of smoking and identify the possible associations between smoking and environmental variables among school pupils in iran. methods: a sel...

objective: according to the fact that university students are role models for the whole society, this study was performed to evaluate reasons of and attitudes toward cigarette smoking among iranian university students. methods: this study was performed as a cross-sectional self-reported questionnaire based study among university students of kerman city of iran. our questionnaire was attributed ...

opium use is one of the most common forms of substance abuse in iran and there are some evidence indicating it is a risk factor of transitional cell carcinoma (tcc) of the urinary bladder. the majority of opium users are also cigarette smokers, so consideration of the high prevalence of smoking which is the most important risk factor of tcc of the urinary bladder among opium users is essential ...

conclusions present study showed that the prevalence of smoking in men is very high in this region of iran. therefore to prevent the problem it is necessary that educational and research centres and health providers make suitable policies and strategies . results mean (standard error) age of starting to smoke was 20.21 (0.6) years and females had started smoking 4 years later (p = 0.01). during...

conclusions although the prevalence of regular smokers among health professions students of mums was lower than general populations, but this level is still alarming and points at the rapid growth of cigarette use, especially among female students. medical schools should work harder to tackle this phenomenon and address it more efficiently in their curricula. results among the students, 18.3% r...

the objectives of this work were to study the association of maternal smoking habits with stillbirths, abortions, neonatal deaths, birth weights, placental weights and the outcomes on the 28(th) day of life.a questionnaire was developed and completed with the hospitals' recorded data collected over a period of 5 years from 47,000 babies born in several hospitals in ontario, canada. the mothers ...

this paper seeks to understand the politician economy implications of nicotine addiction in iran, focusing on the us office of foreign asset control’s (ofac) awarding of iran operations licenses to american tobacco companies. presuming that tobacco taxes, levied both as import duties and ad valorem, would financially benefit the iranian government, such the introduction of a highly desired us p...

Fungi have a significant impact on the economics of paper making and the end use of paper and products employing paper related components. Paper on a practical basis is a derivative of wood, and fungi that possess cellulose-degrading enzymes can directly impact the value and utility of various types of products. Fungi further have a negative economic impact on the pulp produced during paper man...

Despite an extensive literature, the relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer remains the subject of controversy, related to the fact that most asbestos-associated lung cancers occur in those who are also cigarette smokers: because smoking represents the strongest identifiable lung cancer risk factor among many others, and lung cancer is not uncommon across industrialised societie...