For about a century and a half now one of the usual tasks of historical linguistics has been reconstructing the prehistory of linguistic communities. (That is, of course, the side of reconstruction that non-linguists are interested in.) A perennial question is what sort of model of linguistic diversification best fits the data. This paper will explore that question in the light of data supporti...

SYNOPSIS. Cladistic biogeographic methods remain susceptible to the confounding effects of ‘‘pseudo-congruence’’ and ‘‘pseudo-incongruence’’ because they were not designed to incorporate information on the absolute timing of the diversification of lineages. Consequently, results from cladistic biogeographic studies are difficult to interpret and cannot be confidently attributed to any particula...

Upon examination of recently collected epipsocid barklice from natural areas Colombia, five new species Neurostigma Enderlein, 1900 were found: N. lienhardi sp. nov., mockfordi newi thorntoni and valderramae nov. They are here described illustrated. A cladistic analysis 32 morphological characters indicates that is monophyletic. An updated key for the identification males genus presented.