The word and the concept of meta are used in virtually all disciplines of computing. Professionals often use it intuitively and in specific contexts in which the meaning of a word containing the metaprefix is well understood, at least by specialists. For example, all experts in artificial intelligence know what metarules are and where they are useful. However, the meta can imply much more than ...

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a class of metabolic disorders caused by mutations in proteins critical for lysosomal function. Such proteins include lysosomal enzymes, lysosomal integral membrane proteins, and proteins involved in the post-translational modification and trafficking of lysosomal proteins. There are many recognized forms of LSDs and, although individually rare, their combi...

Representation and reasoning about information system (IS) requirements is facilitated with the use of goal models to describe the desired and undesired IS behaviors. One difficulty in goal modeling is arriving at a shared understanding of a goal model instance, mainly due to different backgrounds of the system stakeholders who participate in modeling, and the subsequent disparate use of termin...

Biological specimens are intrinsically three dimensional; however, because of the obscuring effects of light scatter, imaging deep into a tissue volume is problematic. Although efforts to eliminate the scatter by "clearing" the tissue have been ongoing for over a century, there have been a large number of recent innovations. This Review introduces the physical basis for light scatter in tissue,...

nouns – ‘hierarchy’, ‘connec-tivity’, ‘evolvability’, ‘complexity’ toname four – are becoming increasinglypopular as evolutionary developmentalbiology tries to find its theoretical feet.With Gerhard Schlosser, an amphibiandevelopmental biologist, GünterWagner has brought together a stellarteam of contributors to discuss theabstract noun du jour, ‘modularity.’...

In our article, ‘Rupture: Towards a Critical, Emplaced, and Experiential View of Nature-Society Crisis,’ we advocated for contextually rich critical understandings environmental crises their catalytic effects. This authors’ reply responds to four commentaries whose authors raise helpful questions insights. We first review the spatial temporal connections between specific rupture episodes ongoin...