In vitro M cell models, consisting of co-cultures of Caco-2 cells and lymphoid cells, were developed and examined to observe bacterial transport. However, under our experimental conditions, the differentiation of Caco-2 cells into M cell-like cells could not be induced efficiently. To obtain a functionally stable M cell model based on human cells, C2BBe1 cells were screened and co-cultured with...

We analyze the transport of pollution across the Pacific during the NASA INTEX-B (Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Part B) campaign in spring 2006 and examine how this year compares to the time period for 2000 through 2006. In addition to aircraft measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) collected during INTEX-B, we include in this study multi-year satellite retrievals of CO from the ...

We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in April 2008 together with multiyear (2003– 2008) CO satellite data from the AIRS instrument and a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to better understand the sources, transport, and interannual variability of pollution in the Arctic in spring. Model simulation of the aircraft data give...

During a series of 8 measurement campaigns within the SPURT project (2001–2003), vertical profiles of CO and O3 have been obtained at subtropical, middle and high latitudes over western Europe, covering the troposphere and lowermost stratosphere up to ∼14 km altitude during all seasons. The seasonal and latitudinal variation of the measured trace gas profiles are compared to simulations with th...

[1] The chemical regimes in the atmosphere of Venus vary from photochemistry in the middle atmosphere to thermal equilibrium chemistry in the lower atmosphere and the surface. Many chemical cycles have been proposed, but few details about these cycles are fully verified by comparison between observations and modeling. Recent high-quality data of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and CO from ground-based a...

Optimal transport (OT) compares probability distributions by computing a meaningful alignment between their samples. CO-optimal (COOT) takes this comparison further inferring an features as well. While approach leads to better alignments and generalizes both OT Gromov-Wasserstein distances, we provide theoretical result showing that it is sensitive outliers are omnipresent in real-world data. T...

The purpose of this study is to develop a numerical model that simulates acid-base transport in rat distal tubule. We have previously reported a model that deals with transport of Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), and water in this nephron segment (Chang H and Fujita T. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 276: F931-F951, 1999). In this study, we extend our previous model by incorporating buffer systems, new cell type...

sedimentation is one of the most important problems in harbors that results in considerable economic costs. harbor planforms affects the flow pattern in the harbor basin and consequently, plays an important role in sediment transport and sedimentation. in the present study, a two dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic and sediment transport model has been developed to investigate the effect of...

We used a 3-D model of chemistry and transport to investigate trends and variability in tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) for 1988–1997 caused by changes in the overhead ozone column, fossil fuel emissions, biomass burning emissions, methane, and transport. We found that the decreasing CO burden in the northern extra-tropics (−0.85%/y) was more heavily influenced by the decrease in European emi...