BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES National guidelines have recommended against codeine use in children, but little is known about prescribing patterns in the United States. Our objectives were to assess changes over time in pediatric codeine prescription rates in emergency departments nationally and to determine factors associated with codeine prescription. METHODS We performed a serial cross-section...

BACKGROUND Characterization of opioid excretion in sweat is important for accurate interpretation of sweat tests in drug treatment, criminal justice, and workplace drug testing programs. METHODS Participants (n=20) received placebo, 3 low (60 mg/70 kg) or 3 high (120 mg/70 kg) codeine sulfate doses (used as a model for opioid excretion) within 1 week. Codeine and metabolites in sweat were col...

BACKGROUND The misuse of codeine is of increasing concern in a number of countries, particularly as this relates to over -the-counter pain and cough relief medication, and is also supplied as a prescription medicine. The study aimed to obtain and analyse the opinions and experience of pharmacy staff with regard to codeine misuse. METHODS A cross-sectional web-based survey of pharmacy staff's ...

This therefore makes it difficult to explain the prescription of a pro-drug, where we can so poorly predict the response without genetically testing each individual patient. The rationale given for using codeine in paediatrics is reported to include familiarity with the drug, the lack of controlled drug status, and ease of prescribing. It is administered in day surgery settings and prescribed f...

This analytical method for easier determination of codeine in human plasma is based on "high-performance" liquid chromatography for separation and the natural fluorescence of codeine for detection. Codeine is extracted from alkalinized plasma with a mixture of hexane and dichloromethane, and the extract is further purified and chromatographed. The method can be used for routine assay of codeine...

OBJECTIVE To investigate morbidity related to misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) codeine-ibuprofen analgesics. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective case series collected from Victorian hospital-based addiction medicine specialists between May 2005 and December 2008. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morbidity associated with codeine-ibuprofen misuse. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients with serious morbidity were ...

background & aim: papaver bracteatum lindl.  (papaverace) is an important pharmaceutical plant which contains isoqinoline alkaloids. isoqinoline alkaloids constitute one distinct group of secondary metabolites of the papaverace family. codeine and thebaine are important alkaloids of papaver bracteatum which use widely due to its medicinal properties. therefore it is necessary to determinati...

The analgesic effects of acupuncture were compared with those of codeine in the treatment of postoperative dental pain in 40 healthy male volunteers 18 to 30 years old. Upon the patient's recovery from local anesthesia (lidocaine), he was asked by a trained observer to classify the intensity of his pain as none, mild, moderate, or severe. He then received one of the following treatments: 1. Pla...

Codeine (methyl morphine) is a widely used opioid that is administered alone or in combination with other drugs, such as antihistamines, decongestants, and mild analgesics. There are few reports of generalized dermatitis induced by oral codeine and cross-reactivity with morphine [1-4]. A 43-year-old man experienced 3 episodes of generalized pruriginous rash after taking analgesic and antitussiv...