Some codons of the genetic code can be read not only by cognate, but also by near-cognate tRNAs. This flexibility is thought to be conferred mainly by a mismatch between the third base of the codon and the first of the anticodon (the so-called "wobble" position). However, this simplistic explanation underestimates the importance of nucleotide modifications in the decoding process. Using a syste...

In this paper, we describe the problem of cognate identification in NLP. We introduce the idea of gap-weighted subsequences for discriminating cognates from non-cognates. We also propose a scheme to integrate phonetic features into the feature vectors for cognate identification. We show that subsequence based features perform better than state-ofthe-art classifier for the purpose of cognate ide...

BACKGROUND Decoding of mRNAs is performed by aminoacyl tRNAs (aa-tRNAs). This process is highly accurate, however, at low frequencies (10(-3) - 10(-4)) the wrong aa-tRNA can be selected, leading to incorporation of aberrant amino acids. Although our understanding of what constitutes the correct or cognate aa-tRNA:mRNA interaction is well defined, a functional distinction between near-cognate or...

This article is on pedagogical translanguaging, understood as planned instructional strategies used with a purpose in multilingual educational context. The paper reports study cognate identification and awareness carried out primary school. aims at analyzing whether the of cognates three languages related to linguistic factors teaching. relationship between teaching metalinguistic also explored...

By comparing phylogenetically related tRNA synthetases (enzymes that specifically aminoacylate tRNAs), a controlled natural experiment can reveal synthetases’ coevolution with their cognate amino acid substrate. Analyses of metabolic cost minimization confirm the existence of cognate avoidance in tRNA synthetase compositions. It is found that cognate avoidance increases and decreases, respectiv...

It is generally accepted that the translation rate depends on the availability of cognate aa-tRNAs. In this study it is shown that the key factor that determines translation rate is the competition between near-cognate and cognate aa-tRNAs. The transport mechanism in the cytoplasm is diffusion, thus the competition between cognate, near-cognate and non-cognate aa-tRNAs to bind to the ribosome i...