Air quality is heavily influenced by weather conditions. In this study, we assessed the impact of long-term weather changes on air quality and health in the US during 1994-2012. We quantified past weather-related increases, or 'weather penalty', in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and thereafter estimated the associated excess deaths. Using statistical regression methods, we deri...

OBJECTIVES The authors sought to determine the effects of cold-weather periods on budgets and nutritional outcomes among poor American families. METHODS The Consumer Expenditure Survey was used to track expenditures on food and home fuels, and the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to track calorie consumption, dietary quality, vitamin deficiencies, and anemia. ...

the main purpose of this article is studing un’s actions to counter international terrorism giving to development of it after cold war.we are going to answer the question in descriptive-analtical way that what was un’s practical actions to counter it and weather it was successful.to answer the main question of this article first we will diccuss the development of terrorism after cold war and ne...

Extreme climatic disturbances provide excellent opportunities to study natural selection in wild populations because they may cause measurable directional shifts in character traits. Insectivorous cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in the northern Great Plains must often endure periods of cold weather in late spring that reduce food availability, and if cold spells last four or more days...

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of death. The current paradigm in SCD requires the presence of an abnormal myocardial substrate and an internal or external transient factor that triggers cardiac arrest. Based on prior mechanistic evidence, we hypothesized that an unusually cold weather event (a cold spell) could act as an external factor triggering SCD. We tested potential effec...

Results Syndromic surveillance reporting Routine weekly surveillance bulletins are produced from each syndromic system: these reports present the current indicator trends and encapsulate the main summary findings from the weeks surveillance, providing a number of key messages for health professionals.1 Heatwave surveillance Syndromic surveillance plays an important part in assessing the health ...

Although water-cooled chillers are more energy efficient than air-cooled chillers, a majority of chilled water systems use air-cooled chillers. In cold weather climates, air-cooled chillers are capable of functioning in low ambient temperatures with few operational concerns, where as water-cooled chiller systems must be equipped to prevent cooling tower freezing. The integrated chiller system a...

After an unusually long winter in Europe and a very cold and wet spring that lasted until late May, many perennial plants have come late into leaf and flower. As such, 2013 will probably see a late harvest and possibly reduced yields, despite the hot weather that came later in July. This response by plants to a long cold period is a normal adaptation to adverse weather conditions, but this unus...

BACKGROUND Chilblains or perniosis is a moderately severe form of cold injury, localized to peripheral parts of the body, which occurs after exposure to non-freezing temperatures and damp conditions. Although inter-individual variations exist with respect to susceptibility to develop chilblains, no study has been carried out in this region to determine the role of different weather conditions e...

Background: This study aimed to assess the relationship between cold temperature and daily mortality in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and Northern Ireland (NI), and to explore any differences in the population responses between the two jurisdictions. Methods: A time-stratified case-crossover approach was used to examine this relationship in two adult national populations, between 1984 and 2007....