There is a growing interest in new or modified research methods that can balance the needs for quick results and statistical rigor in studies of intervention effectiveness. Orthogonal design, which has been extensively used in manufacturing and other fields but not in published health care evaluations or comparative effectiveness research (CER), affords an opportunity to design interventions in...

Recent legislation has emphasized comparative effectiveness, including both the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, which established the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) to foster comparative effectiveness research (CER).1,2 Defined as “the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits ...

CONTEXT Comparative effectiveness research is increasingly being recognized as a method to link research with the information needs of decision makers. As the United States begins to invest in comparative effectiveness, it would be wise to look at other functioning research networks to understand the infrastructure and funding required to support them. METHODS This case study looks at the com...

Currently, there is wide-spread recognition that much of health care is insufficiently grounded in evidence as to what works for whom under what circumstances. An important reason for this is that research efforts often do not compare alternative options of health care nor are they sufficiently focused on outcomes that matter to patients. In addition, the methods to conduct research designed to...

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In comparative effectiveness research, we are often interested in the estimation of an average causal effect from large observational data (the main study). Often this data does not measure all the necessary confounders. In many occasions, an extensive set of additional covariates is measured for a smaller and non-representative population (the validation study). In this setting, standard appro...

The ultimate goal of comparative effectiveness research (CER) is to develop and disseminate evidence-based information about which interventions are most effective for which patients under what circumstances. To achieve this goal it is crucial that researchers in methodology development find appropriate methods for detecting the presence and sources of heterogeneity in treatment effect (HTE). C...

Not all patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are patient centered, and not all patient-centered outcomes are patient reported. The essential characteristic of a patient-centered approach to outcome measurement is that it assesses concepts (i.e., healthrelated phenomena) that are considered most important by members of a given target population, based on direct input from representatives of that pop...

organophosphate (op) compounds are frequently used agorchemicals for deliberate self-harm in some parts of the world resulting in high mortality and morbidity. pralidoxime (2pam) is the most widely used and trialed oxime for treatment of op poisoning. there have been variations over the results of trials using 2pam for op poisoning. 2pam therapy has led to favorable outcomes in some studies, wh...

This discussion defines various research approaches undertaken in health care or health promotion settings, notably basic science research, translational research, comparative effectiveness research (CER), implementation sciences, and quality improvement. This discussion particularly clarifies the relationship between translational research implementation sciences, comparative effectiveness res...