I N T R O D U C T I O N The palatal chemoreceptors of the carp display a rather peculiar type of response to varying concentrations of electrolytes (Konishi and Niwa, 1964). Dilute solutions of salts, especially those with polyvalent anions such as Na3citrate and Na 2 HP04 , produced strong responses. However, an increase in concentration depressed receptor activity, although the activity incre...

this paper has two objectives. first, it establishes a model for scoring the access to pharmaceutical services. second, it develops a model for measuring socioeconomic indicators independent of the time and place of study. these two measures are used for measuring equity in access to pharmaceutical services using concentration curve. we prepared an open-ended questionnaire and distributed it to...

The relation between myocardial tissue cyclic AMP (cAMP) and the vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation was assessed in the isolated perfused rat heart by measurement of ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and vulnerable period duration (VP). Exogenous dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP) reduced VFT and increased VP by a concentration-related action whereas exogenous cAMP did not. Theophyllin...

The beta-adrenoceptor subtype that mediates adrenaline-induced relaxation was pharmacologically identified in smooth muscle cells of the isolated guinea-pig trachea. Adrenaline produced a concentration-dependent relaxation with a pD(2) value of 7.1. The concentration-response curve for adrenaline was shifted rightwards in a competitive fashion by the beta(1)-/beta(2)-nonselective antagonists pr...

OBJECTIVE To determine a concentration-effect curve of adalimumab in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients taking into account the effect of methotrexate (MTX) on concentration and effect and to identify a therapeutic range for adalimumab concentrations. METHODS In a prospective observational cohort study, 221 consecutive patients with RA were treated with 40 mg adalimumab subcutaneously every o...

carum copticum is a grassy and annual plant which is believed to have several therapeutic effects, including anti-asthmatic properties. we have therefore studied the bronchodilatory and anticholinergic effects of 4 rnl aqueous extract (ae), 0.0 5 ml ethanol extract (ee), and 0.0 0 5 ml essential oil (eo) of carum copticum and 1 rnl of a 5 mm solution of its main ingredient, thymol (t), in compa...

The motor endplate of frog sartorius muscle was voltage clamped and the peak current to different concentrations of acetylcholine and carbachol applied in the perfusing fluid was measured. Perfusing fluid was hypertonic in order to suppress contractions. Current responses were smooth and reached a peak value within 2-5 s. The dose-response curve was usually linear even with concentrations of 10...

Carum copticum is a grassy and annual plant which is believed to have several therapeutic effects, including anti-asthmatic properties. We have therefore studied the bronchodilatory and anticholinergic effects of 4 rnL aqueous extract (AE), 0.0 5 mL ethanol extract (EE), and 0.0 0 5 mL essential oil (EO) of Carum copticum and 1 rnL of a 5 mM solution of its main ingredient, thymol (T), in ...