Conducting polymers as a class of materials can be used to build a diverse range of devices. Conducting polymer based actuators (muscles), transistors (neurons), strain gages (muscle spindles), force sensors (Golgi tendon organs), light emitting diodes, photodetectors (eyes), batteries and supercapacitors (energy storage), and chemical sensors (noses) can all be manufactured. The range of behav...

1 Nano-Device Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA 2 Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Center for Integrated Electronics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA 3 Ioffe Institute, Russian A...

Microstructures is an international peer-reviewed, open access, online journal. The journal of publishes articles covering new research and developments, perspectives, reviews related to the microstructures materials, including, but not limited metals alloys, ceramics, polymers, composites, crystals, glasses, biomaterials, interfaces nanomaterials.