A staple of Greek mythology, Centaurs have made many appearances throughout the centuries and even in our own time. They are represented by numerous sculptures and images in museums. True, when speaking of Centaurs, we have to rely on twoand three-dimensional models—here as many other instances in biology—because there has not yet been a sighting of a live specimen. However, the majority of ext...

When described more than 40 years ago, Klinefelter's syndrome (small testes, sterility, increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone, and usually gynecomastia) was thought to be an endocrine disorder. A second testicular hormone was postulated but has never been isolated. During the ensuing years, the syndrome has been found to be a chromosomal disorder, in which there is an extra X chro...

Donor insemination (DI) was shrouded in secrecy for many years.The majority of doctors recommended parents not to disclose their use of DI neither to their child nor to friends or family members. In the last two decades, this secrecy has increasingly been challenged.This article outlines the historical background and discusses the current legal and professional regulations. Furthermore, it summ...

Homeopathy was born as an experimental discipline, as can be seen from the enormous amount of homeopathic data collected over more than two centuries. However, the medical tradition of homeopathy has been separated from that of conventional science for a long time. Conventional scientific wisdom dictates that homeopathy should have no effect above placebo but experiments on ultra-high dilutions...

In the twilight years of the twentieth century when we are poised to leap across some kind of a „time-barrier‟ into a new era, some reflection and objective transevaluatory analysis of the higher educational system in the shape of a educational system in the shape of a stock-taking exercise or examining the balance sheet is not only apt but eminently desirable for drawing appropriate lessons fo...

The last two chapters showed how behavior in a range of situations, from fixed-interval schedules, through the radial maze to conditioning experiments with rats and bees, appears to be guided by the animal’s representation of its world, together with principles of Bayesian inference. Studies of classical conditioning illustrate the way these inference principles allow the animal to incorporate ...