imam khomeini, the leader of the islamic revolution in pointing to the important events of contemporary history of iran i.e coming together of the shi'a clergies & safavid state, tobacco uprising, constitutional revolution, reza shah era, movement of nationalization of oil industry, 15th khordad uprising (1963) and so on – has noticed to the actual and positive role of the clergies in main...

This paper brings together a description and analysis of various aspects the constitutional revolution, as revolt by society in favour law against arbitrary rule state, rather than lower upper classes European revolutions, this being characteristic major Iranian revolts both before after that event. It includes discussion which have generally been neglected, notably ‘politics elimination’ pursu...

The collapse of the communist empire coincided with a new wave of constitution making. All the Eastern European countries introduced in the new constitutions an organ in charge of constitutional adjudication modeled on what we define below the Kelsenian type. This was neither surprising nor original. The same phenomenon happened in Southern Europe about 20 years ago after the collapse of fascis...