conventional methods of pear breeding, largely based on intra- and inter-specific hybridization, are difficult because pear is highly heterozygous, polygenic and has a long juvenile period. genetic improvements of pear cultivars are possible through induction of mutations and gene transfer by genetic engineering. a general prerequisite for these approaches is to establish an efficient plant reg...

in this study the data of 2332 lambs from 815 dams and 61 sires, collected during 1993-2004 in kermani sheep breeding station were used to estimate phenotypic, genetic and environmental trends for birth weight (bw), weaning weight (ww), 6 months weight (6mw), 9 months weight (9mw) and yearling weight (yw). heritability estimates were determined for each trait using derivative free reml procedur...

Variance components were estimated for maturing age, first litter size, and animal size in Finnish minks. The fitted animal models had direct genetic and maternal genetic effects, litter effects, and maternal environmental effects. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine covariances between the traits. Maternal effects represented a significant source of phenotypic variance in the matu...

Data from 522 lambs of the Timahdit breed representing 13 sires were used to estimate genetic parameters. Traits analyzed were weights at birth (BW), 30 days (W30), 70 days (W70) and 90 days (W90), average daily gains from 10 to 30 days (ADG10-30), 30-70 days (ADG30-70) and 30-90 days (ADG30-90). REML estimates of variance and covariance components were obtained assuming animal models that incl...

The genetic analysis of composite data is very complicated, mainly because it is necessary to adjust data to the effects of heterosis and breed complementarity, and because there is usually considerable confounding of these data with several other effects, such as contemporary group effects, breed composition of the animal and maternal breed composition, among others. Data on birth weight (n = ...

Heritabilities of and genetic correlations between additive direct and maternal genetic effects for calf market weight, and additive direct genetic effects for carcass traits, were estimated for Japanese Black cattle by REML procedures under 2-trait animal models. Data were collected from calf and carcass markets in Hyogo and Tottori prefectures and analyzed separately by prefecture. Calf marke...

The underlying determination of phenotypic variability and covariability is described for 14 traits that define the morphological size and shape of the mature mouse mandible. Variability is partitioned into components due to direct additive and dominance genetic effects, indirect maternal additive genetic effects, genetic covariance between direct additive and indirect maternal additive effects...

Recent theory in causal inference has provided concepts for mediation analysis and effect decomposition that allow one to decompose a total effect into a direct and an indirect effect. Here, it is shown that what is often taken as an indirect effect can in fact be further decomposed into a "pure" indirect effect and a mediated interactive effect, thus yielding a three-way decomposition of a tot...

Conventional methods of pear breeding, largely based on intra- and inter-specific hybridization, are difficult because pear is highly heterozygous, polygenic and has a long juvenile period. Genetic improvements of pear cultivars are possible through induction of mutations and gene transfer by genetic engineering. A general prerequisite for these approaches is to establish an efficient plant reg...