The advancement of area-array packages, such as flip chips and chip scale packages, has driven the adoption of high density interconnects (HDIs) that allow for an increased number of I/Os with a smaller footprint area. HDI substrates and printed circuit boards use microvias as interconnects between conductor layers. HDIs have evolved from single-level microvias to stacked microvias that travers...

BACKGROUND/AIMS The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is poorly understood. Hepatic iron and copper overload can directly cause lipid peroxidation and eventually hepatic damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of hepatic iron and copper accumulation in the development of NASH. METHODS Fifty-three patients with NASH were studied. All patients underwent live...

Though being an importance trace element required for normal metabolic activities, copper has some adverse effects in various organ-systems including testis. Occupational exposure to copper in different industries may result in abnormal rise in plasma copper level which can bring about spermatogenic inhibition. Our findings on inhibition of spermatogenesis and decrease in testosterone productio...

Three each of 3-year-old Angus and Simmental heifers, surgically modified to collect bile, were used to measure the effects of pregnancy and breed on bile flow, biliary copper and zinc excretion and plasma copper and zinc concentrations. Bile copper excretion was significantly higher at 7-mo of pregnancy when samples from both breeds were pooled. From then onwards it declined to its lowest, one...

The effect of copperchloride (CuCl2) on the level of chlorophyll (a+b), proline, protein and abscisic acid in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings were investigated Control and copper treated (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 mM) seedlings were grown for ten days in Hoagland solution. Abscisic acid content was determined in root, shoot and leaf tissues of seedlings by HPLC. Copper stress caused significa...

The study was undertaken to determine the copper content in different human cataractous lenses. The level of copper increased with increasing age in nuclear brunescence and mixed cataractous lens and a low amount of copper was observed in the posterior subcapsular cataractous lens with increasing age. Cataractous lenses of females have greater amounts of copper compared with males.

Copper deficiency is an etiology of anemia, neutropenia, and bone marrow dysplasia that may be under-recognized. We report 5 patients with clinical presentation consistent with MDS who were found to be deficient in copper and whose hematologic abnormalities resolved with copper supplementation. We recommend copper level assessment in patients suspected of having low-risk MDS, especially those w...

Acidophilic organisms, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, possess high-level resistance to copper and other metals. A. ferrooxidans contains canonical copper resistance determinants present in other bacteria, such as CopA ATPases and RND efflux pumps, but these components do not entirely explain its high metal tolerance. The aim of this study was to find other possible copper resistance de...

The molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) remains unclear. Using radioactive copper ((64)Cu) at physiological concentration, we showed that prion infected cells display a marked reduction in copper binding. The level of full-length prion protein known to bind the metal ion was not modified in infected cells, but a fraction of this protein w...