Refractory angina pectoris is defined as angina refractory to optimal medical treatment and standard coronary revascularization procedures. Despite recent therapeutic advances, patients with refractory angina pectoris are not adequately treated. Spinal cord stimulation is a minimally invasive and reversible technique which utilizes electrical neuromodulation by means of an electrode implanted i...

Variant angina, defined as spontaneous angina pectoris associated with transient ST-segment elevation, is usually caused by episodic coronary spasm. At present, coronary artery spasm is a reversible coronary stenosis that limits coronary blood flow under resting conditions. Prinzmetal first described this type of angina pectoris as a distinct entity in 1959. Although several hypotheses have bee...

a double left anterior descending (lad) coronary artery emerging from the left and right coronary arteries is classified among rare coronary anomalies. we herein report a 73-year-old man presenting with acute coronary syndrome (posterolateral myocardial infarction). he was admitted with typical chest pain, and due to his progressive ischemic changes on electrocardiography (ecg) and elevated car...

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OBJECTIVE To investigate the hypothesis that in coronary artery disease large plaques in compensatorily enlarged segments are associated with acute coronary syndromes, whereas smaller plaques in shrunken segments are associated with stable angina pectoris. METHODS Patients selected for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were divided into two groups, one with stable angina p...

Background: Coronary collateral circulation is an alternative source of blood supply to the myocardium in coronary atherosclerotic disease. They provide adequate flow to the major epicardial branches of the coronary artery. Indicator of cardiac ischemia like stable angina pectoris may determine the presence of coronary collateral circulation. Methods and results: In this prospective observation...

Background: The rate of cardiovascular diseases in developing countries is approximately 60% and it is still has an increasing trend. The clinical effectiveness of aspirin in preventing cardiovascular events has been well proven. Although aspirin is an effective and inexpensive drug, its consumption is not equally beneficial for all patients. Many factors can be affective on the efficacy of ant...

Background: Rose questionnaire is a standard mean for diagnosing angina pectoris in epidemiological study. The present study was done to determine the prevalence of angina pectoris according to Rose questionnaire for chest pain, and to investigate the association of angina with several coronary hearh disease risk factors in Tehran urban population (district-13) during 1999 to 2000. Methods: 60...

Changes in coronary arterial size due to ergonovine maleate are described and quantitated in 90 patients 18 with typical angina pectoris, 56 with atypical chest pain, nine with variant angina pectoris, and seven heart transplant (allograft) recipients. We observed two angiographic changes in the diameter of coronary arteries: 1) spasm, which was characterized by occlusion or marked (>85%) focal...