In this work, the design of a low-cost, field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based digital hardware platform that implements image processing algorithms for real-time distance measurement is presented. Using embedded development kit (EDK) tools from Xilinx, the system is developed on a spartan3 / xc3s400, one of the common and low cost field programmable gate arrays from the Xilinx Spartan fami...

Using a sample of A-share listed companies in China for the period 2007-2018, this paper empirically tests impact geographical distance audit committee chair (ACC) on company’s cost equity capital. The study found that there is significant positive correlation between ACC and capital, regulatory strength will weaken relationship two. This conclusion still holds after series robustness tests. re...

The usual Euclidean distance may be generalized to extended objects such as polymers or membranes. Here this distance is used for the first time as a cost function to align structures. We examined the alignment of extended strands to idealized beta-hairpins of various sizes using several cost functions, including RMSD, MRSD, and the minimal distance. We find that using minimal distance as a cos...

The index is excellent by the Malmquist index as extended to productivity measurement. The index developed here is defined in terms of input cost rather than input quantity distance functions in supply chain. Therefore, we propose productivity change is decomposed into overall efficiency and cost technical change. These decompositions provide a clearer situation of the root sources of supply ch...

Least-cost modelling and circuit theory are common analogs used in ecology and evolution to model gene flow or animal movement across landscapes. Least-cost modelling estimates the least-cost distance, whereas circuit theory estimates resistance distance. The bias added in choosing one method over the other has not been well documented. We designed an experiment to test whether both methods wer...

Economic escape theory predicts flight initiation distance (FID, predator–prey distance when fleeing from an approaching predator begins), but currently cannot account for an observed increase in FID as alert distance (AD, predator–prey distance when a prey becomes alert to a predator), or its surrogate, starting distance (SD, predator–prey distance when approach begins) increases. The flush ea...

We define the unrestricted modified edit distance based on the modified edit distance defined by Galil and Giancarlo (1989) where the cost of substring deletions and insertions are contextsensitive and the cost of character substitutions are context-free. The modified edit distance is the minimum cost of converting a string X to a string Y where the sequence of edit operations has the property ...