objective: the neural crest is a transient structure of early vertebrate embryos that generates neural crest cells (nccs). these cells can migrate throughout the body and produce a diverse array of mature tissue types. due to the ethical and technical problems surrounding the isolation of these early human embryo cells, researchers have focused on in vitro studies to produce nccs and increase t...

background: surface microhardness is a physical property which access the effect of chemical and physical agents on hard tissues of teeth, and a useful way to examine the resistance of fluoride treated enamel against caries. the purpose of this study was to evaluate microhardness of enamel following ph-cycling through demineralization and remineralization using suspensions of dentifrices with d...

The tube-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur Parasaurolophus is remarkable for its unusual cranial ornamentation, but little is known about its growth and development, particularly relative to well-documented ontogenetic series for lambeosaurin hadrosaurids (such as Corythosaurus, Lambeosaurus, and Hypacrosaurus). The skull and skeleton of a juvenile Parasaurolophus from the late Campanian-aged (∼75.5...

Regulation is a significant developmental event because successful cell proliferation and migration are critical to shaping young embryos. Regulation -- the replacement of undifferentiated embryonic cells by other cells in response to signals received from the environment -- is distinct from wound healing and regeneration. Investigations on regulation of neural crest cells span all vertebrates ...

Although it had long been believed that embryonic taste buds in vertebrates were induced to differentiate by ingrowing nerve fibers, we and others have recently shown that embryonic taste buds can develop normally in the complete absence of innervation. This leads to the question of which tissues, if any, induce the formation of taste buds in oropharyngeal endoderm. We proposed that taste buds,...

BACKGROUND Treatment of intraoral malignant tumors often leads to continuity defects of the mandible. Whereas the use of free vascularised flaps has shortcomings regarding donor site morbidity and a worse-fitting bone geometry, the nonvascularized iliac crest graft could be an alternative option. The purpose of this study was to describe the treatment outcome with nonvascularized iliac crest gr...

Sox9 has essential roles in endochondral bone formation during axial and appendicular skeletogenesis. Sox9 is also expressed in neural crest cells, but its function in neural crest remains largely unknown. Because many craniofacial skeletal elements are derived from cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, we asked whether deletion of Sox9 in CNC cells by using the Cre recombinase/loxP recombination s...

A patient is reported with mental retardation, facial and body asymmetry, and hyperpigmented areas limited to the right side of the body. Cytogenetic studies revealed trisomy 18 in 50% of peripheral blood lymphocytes; fibroblast cultures from the hyperpigmented area showed pure trisomy 18, while the karyotype on the unaffected side was normal. This could be an example of the 'lines of Blaschko'...

Dear Editor-in-Chief, Many techniques have been described for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. The most commonly used of the corrective osteotomies are: tibial plateau levelling osteotomy, tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA), and more recently the Maquet technique has been described (1). Complications from TTA can be divided into major and minor complications. Major c...

T he Circulatory System Devices Panel of the Medical Devices Advisory Committee to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was convened on January 26, 2011, to review the application by Abbott Vascular (Santa Clara, CA) for a post–market approval supplement (PMA-s) to extend the indications for use of their ACCULINK Carotid Stent System. The stent system had received FDA approval in 2004 for ...