this study investigates the causal linkages between military spending and economic growth in opec selected countries (i.e. algeria, angola, nigeria, venezuela, iran, kuwait, saudi arabia and ecuador) by focusing country-specific analysis for the period 1995–2012. for this, the panel causality testing approach, the method developed by emirmahmutoglu and kose (2011) based on the vector autoregres...

BACKGROUND The critical period hypothesis proposes that deterioration occurs aggressively during the early years of psychosis, with relative stability subsequently. Thus, interventions that shorten the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and arrest early deterioration may have long-term benefits. AIMS To test the critical period hypothesis by determining whether outcome in non-affective psy...

Cigarette smoking by children and adolescents continues to be prevalent, and this fact represents a major public health problem and challenge. Epidemiologic work has previously suggested that exposure of the lung to tobacco carcinogens at an early age may be an independent risk factor for lung cancer. Recent studies at the molecular and cellular levels are consistent with this, now suggesting t...