purpose : to determine the prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, and low vision among the elderly population of sari in northern iran methods : random cluster sampling of 1,185 selected individuals over 54 years of age, of whom 79.1% participated. participants underwent eye examinations to test presenting visual acuity (va), best corrected visual acuity (bcva), and refraction. results : b...

conclusions as it was previously reported by the world health organization (who) on hav infection in the country, this study revealed a high prevalence of hav infection in mashhad. background hepatitis a virus (hav) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, mostly in developing countries. objectives this population-based survey was performed to investigate hav seroprevalence ...

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Grounded in self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) and the transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983), the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between exercise regulations varying in self-determination with stage of readiness to change for exercise and physical activity patterns in university students. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The sample consiste...

The purpose of this research was to investigate the associations between students’ bullying behaviors in Islamic private schools, Pattani province and classroom management factors (democracy, authoritarian, and permissive classroom management), family upbringing factors (strict, permissive, and democracy upbringing), environment violence factors (influence of peers violence, community violence,...

The survey literature distinguishes cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, but most surveys conducted in practice are based on cross-sectional designs. The limitations of these cross sectional surveys are that they are confined to a specific point in time. That is, they provide us with a snapshot of a sample of a population at a single point in time. Since population characteristics constant...

Longitudinal studies are defined as studies in which the outcome variable is repeatedly measured; i.e. the outcome variable is measured in the same subject on several occasions. In longitudinal studies the observations of one subject over time are not independent of each other, and therefore it is necessary to apply special statistical techniques, which take into account the fact that the repea...

BACKGROUND : Suicidal ideation has been identified increasingly as a problem among university students in Hong Kong. Understanding the relationships among hopelessness, perceived family functioning, and suicidal ideation is essential to designing effective interventions. OBJECTIVES : The aims of this study are to explore the relationships among hopelessness, perceived family functioning, and ...

An analysis of the association of forest cover, treated as an environmental good, and income at the county scale in the Northeastern United States was conducted for 2006. Global analysis using a spatial error regression model indicates an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) type of relationship, with total forest cover, percent forest cover, and forest cover per capita is better associated with p...

This article challenges cross-sectional findings that democracy has a negligible effect on growth. We employ a new dataset of political transitions during the Third Wave of Democratisation and examine the within effect of democratisation in countries that abandoned autocracy and consolidated representative institutions. The panel estimates imply that on average democratisations are associated w...