A scheme for explicit ly representing and using expert knowledge of a procedural k ind is described. The scheme al­ lows the explicit representation of both declarative and proce­ dural knowledge wi th in a unified framework, yet retains all the desirable properties of expert systems such as modular i ty , ex­ planatory capabil i ty, and extendabil i ty. It thus bridges the gap between the proc...

This study was an attempt to explore the beliefs of Iranian EFL teachers about the role of grammar in English language teaching in both state schools and private language institutes. Data were collected through a questionnaire developed by Burgess and Etherington (2002), which consisted of 11 main subscales and was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with approaches to grammar te...

This paper presents a new model for simulating procedural knowledge in the problem solving process with our ontological system, InfoMap. The method divides procedural knowledge into two parts: process control and action performer. By adopting InfoMap, we hope to help teachers construct curricula (declarative knowledge) and teaching strategies by capturing students’ problem-solving processes (pr...

In many business processes, knowledge workers collect information and make decisions about entities. Artifact-centric process (ACP) models have been proposed to represent such knowledge-intensive processes. Declarative ACP use precise rules define flexible executions. However, in situations experts deal with uncertainty vagueness. Currently, how cannot be expressed declarative models. We propos...

One of the modern paradigms to develop an application is object oriented analysis and design. In this paradigm, there are several objects and each object plays some specific roles in applications. In an application, we must distinguish between procedural semantics and declarative semantics for their implementation in a specific programming language. For the procedural semantics, we can write a ...

Many of the knowledge representation schemes developed in the past have concentrated on declarative knowledge. Many have provided assertional mechanisms for deductive retrieval and some give terminological mechanisms for classification and abstraction. However, none present the system developer with similar sophistication, at a high level of representation, in procedural knowledge. Often the de...

Critical discourse analysis as a type of social practice reveals how linguistic choices enable speakers to manipulate the realizations of agency and power in the representation of action.The present study examines the relationship between language and ideology and explores how such a relationship is represented in the analysis of spoken text and to show how declarative knowledge, beliefs, attit...