A 59 year old woman developed pronounced thirst, increased water intake, and increased urinary output followed by slowly progressive cerebellar symptoms. Brain MRI showed abnormal hyperintensity on T2 weighted studies in the region of both dentate nuclei without atrophy of the cerebellum or the brainstem. A 99mTC diphosphonate bone scan showed bone lesions in the distal parts of both femurs as ...

In Pavlovian eyelid conditioning and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, cerebellar cortex lesions fail to completely abolish previously acquired learning, indicating an additional site of plasticity in the deep cerebellar or vestibular nucleus. Three forms of plasticity are known to occur in the deep cerebellar nuclei: formation of new synapses, plasticity at existing synapses, and chan...

This review summarizes vertebrate rhombic lip and early cerebellar development covering classic approaches up to modern developmental genetics which identifies the relevant differential gene expression domains and their progeny. Most of this information is derived from amniotes. However, progress in anamniotes, particularly in the zebrafish, has recently been made. The current picture suggests ...

THE INPUT TO THE DCN The DCN receive glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic inputs, as well as a less-studied neuromodulatory input (see Gardette et al., 1987; Kitzman and Bishop, 1997; Saitow et al., 2009 for serotonergic innervations; and Jaarsma et al., 1997 for cholinergic innervations). The GABAergic input arises from PC axons. The glutamatergic input arises from the mossy fi ber (mf) collat...

The mature nervous system contains functional synaptic networks composed of neuronal sets and subsets whose identity and maintenance may rely on external surface molecules specific for these neuronal subdivisions. Such molecules may reside permanently on specific neurons, serving to identify those neurons within a complex population. From a collection of monoclonal antibodies made to the Torped...

The cerebellum controls motor learning via Purkinje cell synapses onto discrete populations of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei and brainstem vestibular nuclei. In the circuitry that subserves the vestibulo-ocular reflex, the postsynaptic targets of Purkinje cells, termed flocculus target neurons (FTNs), are thought to be a critical site of learning. Little is known, however, about the int...

The cerebellum is thought to play a critical role in procedural learning, but the relationship between this function and the underlying cellular and synaptic mechanisms remains largely speculative. At present, at least nine forms of long-term synaptic and nonsynaptic plasticity (some of which are bidirectional) have been reported in the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. These includ...

Diffusion tensor imaging with 1.8-mm isotropic resolution was performed to delineate structures of the brain stem. High-resolution single-shot imaging was achieved by the combination of a high-field magnet (3T) and the SENSitivity Encoding (or SENSE) parallel imaging technique. Various structures in the brain stem, such as the inferior olivary nuclei, deep cerebellar nuclei, some cranial nerves...

Rats with an inherited movement disorder (dystonic, dt), their phenotypically normal littermates, and normal unrelated controls were studied using a metabolic mapping technique, 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. This approach was used to identify potential sites of abnormality underlying the movement disorder, as no morphological abnormalities using light and electron microscopic techniques have ...

The inferior olivary nuclei clearly play a role in creating oculopalatal tremor, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Oculopalatal tremor develops some time after a lesion in the brain that interrupts inhibition of the inferior olive by the deep cerebellar nuclei. Over time the inferior olive gradually becomes hypertrophic and its neurons enlarge developing abnormal soma-somatic gap junctions. H...