Thin film photovoltaic cells based on hybrid halide perovskite absorbers have emerged as promising candidates for next generation photovoltaics. Here, we have characterized and identified the defect energy distribution in the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite using admittance spectroscopy, which reveals a deep defect state ∼0.16 eV above the valence band. According to theoretical calculations, the defect s...

2014 The atomic configuration of the EL2 defect in its stable state has been determined as an arsenic antisite defect associated with an arsenic interstitial at a next nearest neighbour site. The metastable EL2 state is tentatively assigned to an arsenic pair defect at a gallium lattice site (As-As )Ga. Revue Phys. Appl. 23 (1988) 803-807 MAI 1988, Classification Physics Abstracts 61.70 71.55 7...

The D0/D4 system with a Neveu-Schwarz B-field in the spatial directions of the D4-brane has a tachyon in the spectrum of the (0,4) strings. The tachyon signals the instability of the system to form a bound state of the D0-brane with the D4-brane. We use the Wess-Zumino-Witten like open superstring field theory formulated by Berkovits to study the tachyon potential for this system. The tachyon p...

With the incorporation of nitrogen (N) into InAs quantum dots (QDs), the carrier distribution near the QD displays electron emissions from a localized N-induced defect state at 0.34 eV and a weak emission at 0.15 eV from the QD. This defect state causes drastic carrier depletion in the neighboring GaAs bottom layer near the QD, which can effectively suppress tunneling emission for the QD excite...

A major critique against BDI (Belief, Desire, Intention) approaches to communication is that they require strong hypotheses such as sincerity and cooperation on the mental states of the agents (cf. for example [13,14,5]). The aim of this paper is to remed this defect. Thus we study communication between heterogeneous agents via the notion of grounding, in the sense of being publicly expressed a...

This article studies the comparative statics of output subsidies for firms, with monotonic preferences over costs and returns, that face price and production uncertainty. The modeling of deficiency payments, support-price schemes, and stochastic supply shifts in a state-space framework is discussed. It is shown how these notions can be used, via a simple application of Shephard’s lemma, to anal...

Virtual agents are used to interact with humans in a myriad of applications. However, the agents often lack the believability necessary to maximize their effectiveness. These agents, or characters, lack personality and emotions, and therefore the capacity to emotionally connect and interact with the human. This deficiency prevents the viewer from identifying with the characters on a personal le...

volvulus of the small bowel, although being rare, carries a high risk of strangulation and ischemic necrosis. preoperative diagnosis is difficult and may be complicated by pregnancy, labor and the post-cesarean-section state. delay in diagnosis and surgical intervention increases morbidity and mortality rates. we present a 20- year- old primigravida woman (ga=10 weeks) with massive intestinal n...