Abstract DNA methylation is an important epigenetic marker for the suppression of transposable elements (TEs) and regulation plant immunity. However, little known how RNA viruses counter defense such antiviral machinery. In this study, change in turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)-infected cells was analyzed by whole genome bisulfite sequencing. Results showed that total number methylated sites CHH CHG ...

T lymphocytes that are involved in cellular mediated immunity include two types known as TCD8+ (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and TCD4+ (helper T lymphocytes). TCD4+ has four main subtypes, including TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg Lymphocytes.TH17 lymphocytes play a role in defense against microbes that TH1 and TH2 lymphocytes have not the ability to respond to them. The most important cytokines, which ar...

increasing incidence of central nervous system (cns) disorders has become a major challenge for both basic and clinical scientific society to develop novel therapeutic models for treatment. the knowledge of stem cells has added a new dimension in the research towards finding more appropriate targets responsible for the disease fate determination. as stem cell research is progressing day by day ...

Chlorella, one single-cell green algae organism that lives autotrophically by photosynthesis, can directly suppress some plant diseases. The objective of this study was to determine whether pre-spraying with Chlorella fusca suspension could induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in cucumber plants against anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare. In order to illustrate SAR induced by ...

Lineage-specific responses from the effector T-cell repertoire form a critical component of adaptive immunity. The recent identification of Th17 cells-a third, distinct lineage of helper T cells-collapses the long-accepted paradigm in which Th1 and Th2 cells distinctly mediate cellular and humoral immunity, respectively. In this minireview, we discuss the involvement of the Th17 lineage during ...

in this study, accumulation of h2o2, malondialdehyde (mda) (as cold-induced oxidative stress indicators), the transcript levels of dehydrin and beta-glucosidase genes (involved in metabolic responses) was evaluated in chickpea cv. jam, using qrt-pcr during control, cold acclimation (ca), cold stress (cs), recovery, and freezing phases. results showed the existence of wide range of genetic capac...

Conventional natural killer cells (NK cells) provide continual surveillance for cancer and rapid responses to infection. They develop in the bone marrow, emerge as either NK precursor cells, immature, or mature cells, and disperse throughout the body. In the periphery NK cells provide critical defense against pathogens and cancer and are noted to develop features of adaptive immune responses. I...