A n essential part of good taxonomy is correctly identifying species. With correct identification, basic research objectives (e.g., correct ecological and evolutionary interpretation; ref. 1) and many practical applications (e.g., effective fisheries management, integrated pest control programs, and the conservation of biodiversity; refs. 2 and 3) are at least attainable. Without it, the odds o...

Livestock have been a key factor in the development of civiliiation, hut what will their role be in the future and how should the science of rangeland management change to meet the challenges of the future? In this paper I look at current grazing management in the contest of paradigm shifts and scientific revolution. The impact of livestock on rangelands occurs primarily because livestock selec...

The potential of insects to cause temporary spatial shifts of the forest-steppe borderline was investigated in a case study in the northern Mongolian mountain taiga, where Larix sibirica forests border on montane meadow steppe. Insect herbivores of L. sibirica in northern Mongolia include gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and grasshoppers, which defoliate trees. Grasshoppers have (like mice) an add...

Late blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.) caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is a major worldwide threat to the production of high quality potatoes (12). Unchecked, P. infestans can rapidly defoliate plants in the field and can infect potato tubers when spores are washed into the soil (15). Prior to the early 1990s, the population of P. infestans throughout much of the world ...

This Target Organ Symposium is the 10th in a continuing series. Only one previous Target Organ Symposium, that on the gonads, dealt with the endocrine system. The Organizing Committee for the Endocrine Target Organ Symposium fully recognizes the diversity of scientific topics to be included into this two-day period. Nevertheless, it seemed just as defensible to include these diverse topics into...

Vitis vinifera grapevines are highly susceptible to downy mildew caused by the host-specific oomycete Plasmopara viticola. In humid climates like New York, where the unchecked pathogen will defoliate vines and destroy young fruit clusters, growers depend upon multiple fungicide applications for disease management. However, management of P. viticola by fungicides is tenuous, because the pathogen...

Recently, elevated dioxin levels, over 5 parts per trillion (ppt) 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), from Agent Orange was reported in 95% of 43 selected residents of Bien Hoa City, a city in southern Vietnam near a former air base used for Agent Orange-spraying missions. Agent Orange herbicide, contaminated with TCDD, was sprayed in Vietnam between 1962 and 1971 primarily for use as a...

J. Eoon. Entomol. 73: 369-373 (1980) Potato plots were partially defoliated by populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) to learn how insect defoliation affected potato yields. The experiment was repeated 7 times at 2·wk intervals throughout the season to determine how plant sensitivity to defoliation changed with plant development. The percent yield reduction of defoliated rows was regres...

1. Gypsy moth outbreaks cause severe defoliation in Holarctic forests, both North America where it is invasive, and its native range Eurasia. Defoliation can hamper timber production impact ecological communities processes. Aerial insecticide applications are regularly performed outbreak areas to mitigate economic losses. These operations be financially costly harmful non-target species may dis...