background: the most common types of medical error are medication errors (mes) which defined as any preventable event that may be caused by an inappropriate medication usage and lead to an adverse drug reaction (adr) event in patients. in recent years, different approaches have been proposed to reduce mes, one of which is reporting adrs. the present study was designed to assess the knowledge, a...

medication errors (mes) are among the most prevalent health errors threatening patients’ safety and are regarded as an index for determining patients’ well-being in hospitals. the purpose of this study was to explore the me reporting rate and causes of underreporting among the nursing students in the city of kerman. in this cross-sectional study, 90 nursing students in the seventh and eighth se...

Renal injuries are a common occurrence in many trauma cases. The management of these cases varies, but, currently, a conservative, nonoperative approach is the norm. In cases where an operative intervention may be necessary, emergency total nephrectomies are the most commonly performed procedure reported in the literature. There is a dearth in the reporting of other surgical approaches, especia...

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease that typically occurs following a viral infection or vaccination. The incidence of ADEM following vaccination has become very low since introduction of non-neural rabies vaccine and only few cases had been reported due to pure chick embryo derived rabies vaccine (PCERV). Here we are reporting a rare case of del...

Many schools have instituted later morning start times to improve sleep, academic, and other outcomes in response to the mismatch between youth circadian rhythms and early morning start times. However, there has been no systematic synthesis of the evidence on the effects of this practice. To examine the impact of delayed school start time on students' sleep, health, and academic outcomes, elect...

critical thinking is necessary to read the scientific literature. however, in addition to questions about the science, often one must also question the meaning of the text. this article provides an example of the analyses needed to understand a single sentence. in so doing, it raises several interesting issues of meaning, measurement, statistical analyses, and the form in which results are pres...