The spores of Bacillus spp. are found widely distributed in nature, which may cause contamination of the environment and eventually diseases to humans and animals. The formation of the bacterial spore is a sophisticated mechanism by which some bacteria remain viable inadequate when subjected to survival stress such as lack of nutrients. The spores are highly resistant to heat, radiation, variou...

In many applications of terrain analysis, pits or local minima are considered artifacts that must be removed before the terrain can be used. Most of the existing methods for local minima removal work only for raster terrains. In this paper we consider algorithms to remove local minima from polyhedral terrains, by modifying the heights of the vertices. To limit the changes introduced to the terr...

This research reviews and tests two contradicting notions in cost stickiness literature by empirical recognition of the consequences of cost stickiness. Cost stickiness is consistent with both rational resource planning and opportunistic incentives of manager to increase personal benefits arising from status and power. Although both mechanisms involve asymmetric retention of slack, some of the ...