Rapid urbanisation is a major feature of developing countries. Some 2 billion more people are likely to become city residents in the next 30 years, yet urbanisation has received little attention in the modern development economics literature. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical work on the determinants and effects of urbanisation. This suggests that there are substantial productivity b...

human history. The first cities were built on the plains of Mesopotamia near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers between the years 4000 and 3000 BC. The first city to reach a population of one million was Rome, in about 5 BC. Not until about 1800 AD had another city, London, reached the one million mark. Urban populations grew rapidly throughout the 19th century, fueled more by migration from rural...

It is estimated that more than half of the world population lives in cities according to (UN forecasts, 2014), so cities are vital. Cities, as we all know facing with complex challenges – for smart cities the outdated traditional planning of transportation, environmental contamination, finance management and security observations are not adequate. The developing framework for smart-city require...

There are a number of attempt to reveal the structure of globalized world by scholars of urban studies. According to them, the world is structured in a certain way and world cities are formed into a complex spatial hierarchy (Friedmann 1985; Sassen 1991; Taylor and Walker 2001; Derudder et al. 2003). To reveal this structure, Sassen used the location of major producer services to determine the ...

As a Mayor, one of your greatest challenges is to plan and invest wisely in infrastructure for sustainable urban transport. Transport plays a crucial role in urban development by providing access for people to education, markets, employment, recreation, health care and other key services. Especially in cities of the developing world, enhanced mobility for the poor and vulnerable groups is one o...