Kobe Steel has developed coal-based direct reduction (DR) technologies, the FASTMET, FASTMELT and ITmk3 processes, which reduce carbon composite agglomerates (pellets or briquettes) on the hearth of a rotary hearth furnace (RHF). This paper outlines the features of each process, status of technical development and commercialization. Also described is the contribution of these technologies to en...

Methods for directly estimating the ratio of two probability density functions without going through density estimation have been actively explored recently since they can be used for various data processing tasks such as non-stationarity adaptation, outlier detection, conditional density estimation, feature selection, and independent component analysis. However, even the state-of-the-art densi...

This paper reviews spur reduction techniques used in direct digital synthesizers (DDSs) or numerically controlled oscillators (NCOs). First, the classification and operation of conventional DDSs are reviewed. Covered are the pulse output DDS, sine output DDS, fractional divider, and phase interpolation DDS. It is shown that DDSs produce spurs as well as the desired output frequency due to the a...

The steel industry represents about 7% of the world’s anthropogenic CO2 emissions due to high use fossil fuels. CO2-lean direct reduction iron ore with hydrogen is considered offer a potential reduce emissions, and this Fe2O3 powder investigated in research. H2 reaction kinetics fluidization characteristics fine cohesive particles were examined vibrated fluidized bed reactor. A smooth bubbling ...