Discussions:Costs for HBV reactivation management were estimated 688 yen per person in selective vaccination strategy compared with 350 yen per person in universal vaccination strategy, with annual discount rate of 3%. On‐one way sensitivity analysis, estimated costs were sensitive to annual discount rates and risks of HBV infections. Absolute difference in the HBV management costs was relative...

In this article, we develop an integrated supplier–buyer inventory model with the assumption that the market demand is sensitive to the retail price and the supplier adopts a trade credit policy. The trade credit policy discussed in this paper is a ‘‘two-part’’ strategy: cash discount and delayed payment. That is, if the buyer pays within M1, the buyer receives a cash discount; otherwise, the f...

We address the issue of hedging in in nite horizon markets under cone constraints on the number of shares of assets. We show that the minimum cost of hedging a liability stream is equal to its largest present value with respect to admissible stochastic discount factors, thus can be determined without nding an optimal hedging strategy. We develop an algorithm by which an optimal portfolio in one...

The purpose of this paper is to explore Disney Mulan’s cultural appropriation strategy and the discount phenomenon formed in Chinese market from perspective users discuss creation operation film. In 2020, released a new film that originated China, Mulan, but received negative reviews consumer market. Taking as an example, uses NVivo ROSTCM conduct content-coding text analysis on creators’ inter...

The present paper studies an optimal withdrawal and investment problem for a retiree who is interested in sustaining her retirement consumption above a prespecified minimum consumption level. Apparently, the withdrawal and investment policy depends substantially on the retiree’s health condition and her time preferences (subjective discount factor). We assume that the health of the retiree can ...

How can a rational player strategically control a myopic best reply player in a repeated two-player game? We show that in games with strategic substitutes or strategic complements the optimal control strategy is monotone in the initial action of the opponent, in time periods, and in the discount rate. As an interesting example outside this class of games we present a repeated “textbook-like” Co...

OBJECTIVE To examine cigarette purchasing patterns of current smokers and to determine the effects of cigarette price on use of cheaper sources, discount/generic cigarettes, and coupons. BACKGROUND Higher cigarette prices result in decreased cigarette consumption, but price sensitive smokers may seek lower priced or tax-free cigarette sources, especially if they are readily available. This pr...

Humans have a tendency to discount the future; that is we value small, short-term rewards over larger, long-term rewards. The degree of future discounting, however, changes in response to socio-ecological factors. Here, we study Mbendjele BaYaka hunter-gatherers of northern Congo and their farmer neighbours to investigate adaptations in inter-temporal preferences in humans. We argue that in imm...