Considering several main types of dynamic contests (the race, the tugof-war, elimination contests and iterated incumbency …ghts) we identify a common pattern: the discouragement e¤ect. This e¤ect explains why the sum of rent-seeking e¤orts often falls considerably short of the prize that is at stake. It may cause violent con‡ict in early rounds, but may also lead to long periods of peaceful int...

This paper discusses the optimal firm size in the presence of internal rent seeking. Since firm size has a discouragement effect on the level of individual rent-seeking but also a quantity effect as the number of rent-seekers increases, the interplay of both effects — together with technological considerations — determines whether the employer chooses an inefficiently small or large firm size. ...

We study a dynamic game in which all players initially possess the same information and coordinate on a high level of activity. Eventually, players with a long string of bad experiences become inactive. This prospect can cause a coordination avalanche in which all activity in the population stops. Coordination avalanches are part of Pareto-efficient equilibria; they can occur at any point in th...

This paper relaxes a single assumption in the standard matching framework, by allowing unemployed workers to be uncertain about their relative ability to find a job. This alternative assumption, which is supported by experimental evidence, implies that unsuccessful search induces individuals to revise their beliefs downwards. Once self-confidence is sufficiently low, workers become discouraged ...

In this paper we report on a study of a two level preemptive priority queue with balking and reneging for lower priority level. The inter-arrival and the service times for both levels follow exponential distribution. We use a finite difference equation approach for solving the balance equations of the governing queuing model whose states are described by functions of one independent variable. H...

Abstract Nursing work is in increasing demand, becoming strenuous especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, objective of study was to assess impacts pandemic on health nursing professionals through a systematic review literature with meta-analysis, including studies published 2020 Web Science, PubMed and SciELO. Regarding review, we included 25 cross-sectional design, from 12 countries. Th...

OBJECTIVE To investigate associations of self-perceived eating-related peer norms (called 'subjective peer norms') with adolescents' healthy eating intentions and intake of healthy and unhealthy food. DESIGN Cross-sectional data were collected in a large international survey. SETTING Two types of subjective peer norms were assessed: perceived peer encouragement of healthy eating and perceiv...