Functionally defined neuromuscular structures, or modules (e.g., agonist-antagonist pairings), may be decoupled when elicited by a startling auditory stimulus (SAS), revealing possible lower-level functional units. The current study examines lip kinematics in SAS-induced responses and uses a 3D FEM biomechanical model to simulate the temporal interaction between facial muscles used in speech. R...

We derive in algebraic form the displacement and stress fields produced by a triangular element of constant slip by superposing the solution of Comninou and Dundurs (1975) for an angular dislocation in an elastic half-space. Triangular elements are more flexible for simulating complex geometries than the rectangular elements widely used for modeling slip zones as a superposition of constant sli...

A new approach for analyzing cracked problems in 2D orthotropic materials using the well-known element free Galerkin method and orthotropic enrichment functions is proposed. The element free Galerkin method is a meshfree method which enables discontinuous problems to be modeled efficiently. In this study, element free Galerkin is extrinsically enriched by the recently developed crack-tip orthot...

Elastic waves are scattered by an elastic inclusion. The interface between the inclusion and the surrounding material is imperfect: the discontinuity in the displacement (traction) vector across the interface is taken to be proportional to the average of the traction (displacement) vectors on the two sides of the interface. Uniqueness theorems are obtained, and boundary integral equations over ...

A three-dimensional fully-coupled poroelastic displacement discontinuity method is developed and used to analyze the temporal variation of opening and slip of a natural fracture in a reservoir in response to the sudden application of fluid pressure in the fracture surfaces. Numerical results show that a hydraulic fracture opens in an increasing manner with time as the rock moves towards a drain...

A brief summary of the explicit versions of the GS4 algorithms and designs has been shown via the implicit counterparts. All explicit time integration schemes are second-order time accurate, and various common schemes are also included within the present frameworks. An i Integration Framework (Isochronous Integration Framework) is also described which employs the same framework for integrating ...

A numerical method is presented for stability analysis of cable–bar structures. An optimization problem is formulated to find the minimum value of the incremental total potential energy that depends on the direction of the incremental displacements. The penalty method with slack variables is used for representing the discontinuity in member stiffness. The tangent stiffness matrix is shifted to ...