external effects or opposabilité is a legal subject that some legal authors of france take advantage of which for clarifying the scope of the doctrine of the privity of contract and as a complementary principal. the use of the foresaid term does not go back to a long way and there is still a dispute over its bases. because the doctrine of the privity of contract is adapted from the civil code o...

Medicated, non-dementing mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease (PD) patients usually show recall/recollection impairments but have only occasionally shown familiarity impairments. We aimed to assess two explanations of this pattern of impairment. Recollection typically improves when effortful planning of encoding and retrieval processing is engaged. This depends on prefrontally-dependent executi...

A rich body of data exists showing that recollection of specific information makes an important contribution to recognition memory, which is distinct from the contribution of familiarity, and is not adequately captured by existing unitary memory models. Furthermore, neuropsychological evidence indicates that recollection is subserved by the hippocampus. We present a model, based largely on know...

Little is known about the cognitive mechanisms of the memory impairment associated with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). We explored recollection and familiarity in 27 healthy young adults, 45 healthy older adults, and 17 individuals with aMCI. Relative to the younger adults, recollection was reduced in the older adults, especially among those with aMCI. Familiarity did not differ amo...

It is widely established that fluency can contribute to recognition memory. Previous studies have found that enhanced fluency increases familiarity, but not recollection. The present study was motivated by a previous finding that conceptual priming affected recollection. We used event-related potentials to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of these effects with conceptually relate...

Aristotle (350BC) contended that “...other animals (as well as man) have memory, but, of all that we are acquainted with, none, we venture to say, except man, shares in the faculty of recollection.” Here Aristotle distinguishes “memory,” as an elementary matching of current sensations to impressions from prior experience, from the capacity for reminiscence, as the ability to mentally reconstruc...

damage control doctrine requires the party incurring damages due to another party’s breach of contract or damaging action to take necessary measures to reduce damages or to prevent damage expansion. the most suitable doctrine justifying control doctrine in islamic jurisprudence and consequently iran's law is the well-known jurisprudential doctrine of la zarara wa la zerar fi al-islam “ther...

Voluntary control processes can be recruited to facilitate recollection in situations where a retrieval cue fails to automatically bring to mind a desired episodic memory. We investigated whether voluntary control processes can also stop recollection of unwanted memories that would otherwise have been automatically recollected. Participants were trained on cue-associate word-pairs, then repeate...