Dopaminergic neurons have previously been demonstrated in the retina of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by fluorescence microscopy. These neurons take up 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, which alters their ultrastructure, and this technique has been used in the present study to identify the dopaminergic retinal neurons in the electron microscope. There are no indoleamine-accumulating neurons i...

The physiological and pharmacological properties of dopaminergic neurons in the brain are of major interest. Although much has been learned from cell culture studies, the physiological properties of these neurons remain difficult to study in such models because they are usually in minority and are difficult to distinguish from other non-dopaminergic neurons. Here we have taken advantage of a re...

During development, dopaminergic neurons born in the substantia nigra extend their axons toward the striatum. However, the mechanisms by which the dopaminergic axons extend the striatum to innervate their targets remain unclear. We previously showed that paired-cultivation of mesencephalic cells containing dopaminergic neurons with striatal cells leads to the extension of dopaminergic neurites ...

Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), showed very promisingneuroprotection action, but it suffers from high first pass metabolism and limited abilityto cross blood brain barrier. Severe gastric toxicity following oral administration furtherlimits its utility. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate whether ibuprofen loadedmucoadhesive microemulsion (MMEI) could enha...

  Parkinson's disease (PD) is a human neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with a massive and progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. There is strong evidence that oxidative stress participates in the etiology of PD. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate the neuroprotective activity of vitamin E, a free radical scavenger in the unilatera...

Introduction: Parkinson disease (PD) results from the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of natural antioxidants such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) to maintain these neurons. Methods: CAPE is one of the main ingredients of propolis. Intranasal administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2;3;4;6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was...

Many dopaminergic neurons exhibit a short-latency response to noxious stimuli, the source of which is unknown. Here we report that the nociceptive-recipient parabrachial nucleus appears to be a critical link in the transmission of pain related information to dopaminergic neurons. Injections of retrograde tracer into the substantia nigra pars compacta of the rat labelled neurons in both the late...

Evidence from electrophysiological studies has suggested an inhibitory interaction between GABAergic neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata and dopaminergic neurons in pars compacta. However, that this inhibitory interaction is due to a projection from pars reticulata to pars compacta has never been demonstrated directly, nor has the GABAergic neuron that mediates the interaction been iden...