In a Step-down procedure, apart from an hierarchy of the component hypotheses (leading to the steps), one also needs to settle on, their individual levels of significnace (constrained on the overall one). The Fisher method of combining independent tests is extended to the step-down procedure and its Bahadur-efficiency and (asymptotic) optimality results are considered.

Online community-based health services accumulate a huge amount of unstructured health question answering (QA) records at a continuously increasing pace. The ability to organize these health QA records has been found to be effective for data access. The existing approaches for organizing information are often not applicable to health domain due to its domain nature as characterized by complex r...

The object of hierarchy theory is to break down certain classes of predicates into subclasses of gradually increasing complexity. An excellent example is furnished by the hyperarithmetical hierarchy. Here each class in the hierarchy is obtained from the previous class by adding a single number quantifier. The Souslin-Kleene theorem [2, XXIV] then tells us that the predicates occurring in the hi...

Evidence based medicine (EBM) puts forward a hierarchy of evidence for informing therapeutic decisions. An unambiguous interpretation of how to apply EBM’s hierarchy has not been provided in the clinical literature. However, as much as an interpretation is provided proponents suggest a categorical interpretation. The categorical interpretation holds that all the results of randomised trials alw...

Relaxation in a conceptual hierarchy is proposed as a useful principle in the design of a visual recognition system. The domain of the implementation is Kanade's Origami world. The hierarchy is described along with the connection patterns that define the complete network. Advantages of this system are a uniform approach to intermediate and low level vision, inherent parallel approach and sharin...

A new class of languages, called multi-push-down (mpd), that generalize the classical context-free (cf, or Chomsky type 2) ones is introduced. These languages preserve some important properties of cf languages: a generalization of the Chomsky-Schh utzenberger homomorphic characterization theorem, the Parikh theorem and a \pumping lemma" are proved. Multi-push-down languages are an AFL. Their re...

The ubiquity of top-down causal explanations within and across the sciences is prima facie evidence for the existence of top-down causation. Much debate has been focused on whether top-down causation is coherent or in conflict with reductionism. Less attention has been given to the question of whether these representations of hierarchical relations pick out a single, common hierarchy. A negativ...

Encapsulation and the definition of objects in the respective classes facilitates the modification of object-oriented systems, but the class hierarchy may also be a source of problems. First, before changing the definition of a class, the analyst must verify that the change is coherent with regard to subclasses of the class recursively. Second, the reusability of the properties and the uniformi...

It is generally believed that the cosmological constant problem is the most severe hierarchy problem in particle physics. The hierarchy problem has been formulated since 1975 in connection with grand unified theories(GUTs). GUTs introduce two scales which differ by a factor of 10. At the classical Lagrangian level, there appear parameters which are of order 10 GeV. But loop corrections and spon...

It is generally believed that the cosmological constant problem is the most severe hierarchy problem in particle physics. The hierarchy problem has been formulated since 1975 in connection with grand unified theories(GUTs). GUTs introduce two scales which differ by a factor of 10. At the classical Lagrangian level, there appear parameters which are of order 10 GeV. But loop corrections and spon...