St. Armands Key, a barrier island located in western Sarasota County in Florida, has had a history of chronic flooding. It is relatively low and bowl-shaped and has experienced flooding caused by both excessively high tides and rainfall events. The existing stormwater drainage system on the Key includes one pump station and gravity drainage pipes, which are not adequate to meet the level of ser...

Only 5%–10% of irrigated lands in least developed countries (LDCs) are currently drained. Although drainage simulation models (DSMs) used to evaluate alternative designs, it is unclear which model suitable for LDCs' arid and semi-arid regions. This study evaluates selected DSMs (ADAPT, RZWQM2, DRAINMOD, EPIC, HYDRUS-1D, WaSim SWAP) critically assesses their applicability areas. Also, establish ...