runoff collect used for to minimize losses and strengthen water resources in watersheds.countries like some areas of iran are facing to water scarcity, faced with unsuitable distribution of rainfall. by expanding the use of water sources, using the principles of runoff from rainfall can be effective to solve the problem of water shortage.in order to estimate the runoff in watershedsthere are se...

Fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and water between ecosystem components and organisms have great impacts across levels of biological organization. Although much progress has been made in tracing carbon and nitrogen, difficulty remains in tracing water sources from the ecosystem to animals and among animals (the "water web"). Naturally occurring, non-radioactive isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in wat...

Premise Water is the most limiting factor in dryland ecosystems, and plants are adapted to cope with this constraint. Particularly vulnerable phreatophytic from groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) regions that have face water regime alterations due impacts of climate land-use changes. Methods We investigated two aspects related water-use strategy a keystone species dominates one few terrest...

Abstract Considering the importance of agriculture in food security arid and semiarid areas, it is absolutely necessary to apply planning model based on different objectives. This study has been conducted simulate trading non-trading policies Particle Swarm Optimization framework for estimating optimal economic values agricultural water Jilin province, northeastern China. Fuzzy solutions have a...

In drylands the soil water availability is a key factor ruling the architecture of the ecosystem. The soil water reflects the exchanges of water among soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. Here, a dryland ecosystem is investigated through the analysis of the local interactions between soil water and vegetation forced by rainfall having seasonal and stochastic occurrence. The evolution of dryland ec...

Water scarcity affects 1–2 billion people globally, most of whom live in drylands. Under projected climate change, millions more will be living under conditions severe water stress the coming decades. This review examines observed and change impacts on security across world's drylands to year 2100. We find that efficient management, technology, infrastructure, better demand supply can offer equ...