10 Article history: 11 Received 14 October 2015 12 Accepted 12 February 2016 13 Available online xxxx 145678 19 Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) reflects the capacity of blood vessels to adjust their caliber in order tomaintain a 20 steady supply of brain perfusion, and itmay provide a sensitive disease biomarker.Measurement of the blood ox21 ygen level dependent (BOLD) response to a hypercapni...

function is usually regulated by a complex network of reflex loops that renders digestive processing unnoticed, and only under abnormal conditions do sensory pathways become activated and symptoms develop. Symptoms arising in functional gastrointestinal disorders, including the irritable bowel syndrome , are currently considered to result from sensory-reflex disturbances in the gut (1). In turn...

We read with interest the report by Malik et al. [1] that suggested that a continuum probably exists between endoboth atorvastatin and fenofibrate equally improved endothelial activation (from early exposure to risk factors, such thelium-dependent arterial vasoreactivity in patients with as smoking), endothelial dysfunction (resulting in thromcombined hyperlipidaemia. Interestingly, a recent st...

the mitochondrial genome is essential for the expression of several crucial proteins. Defects in mitochondrial DNa (mtDNa) are known to cause a wide variety of clinical disorders, and mutations have been implicated in the ageing pro­ cess. Our detailed understanding of the mechanisms that govern mammalian mito­ chondrial gene expression, however, is still surprisingly sketchy, particularly in c...

Since the introduction of ultrasound in cardiology, the wish to quantify cardiac function was the driver for the development of new technologies. M-mode, which projects speckle information of cardiac struc tures over time, is so to speak the initial form of one-dimensional wall motion tracking. Twodimen sional speckle tracking is useful, has some limitations, though, because the heart has three...