The article describes the studies of the iron speciation (the occurrence of Fe(II), Fe(III), and complexed iron) in acid leachable fraction of deposits. The speciation of iron was diverse for deposits of different origins and was the specific "fingerprint"-marker of deposition processes. The higher occurrence of Fe(II) may be connected with decantation which has been observed for lake sediments...

295 Semi dry rice refers to rice which is sown on dry seed bed as an upland crop taking advantage of monsoon rains. At fourth or fifth leaf stage, when the rainfall intensifies or sufficient water is released from the tank or irrigation projects, the field is converted to wet land rice. The major barrier in improving the productivity of rice in this system is inefficient use of important plant ...

Inland riverine flooding from tropical cyclones (TCs) is responsible for significant economic losses in the United States. Yet, most hurricane loss assessment efforts are focused on coastal areas. Hurricane Irene, which struck the U.S. east coast in 2011, provides a recent and poignant example: while intense media coverage and preparation and evacuation activities focused on the projected coast...

In flood risk assessment, there remains a lack of analytical frameworks capturing the dynamics emerging from two-way feedbacks between physical and social processes, such as adaptation and levee effect. The former, ‘‘adaptation effect’’, relates to the observation that the occurrence of more frequent flooding is often associated with decreasing vulnerability. The latter, ‘‘levee effect’’, relat...

An increase of urban flood risks is expected for the following decades not only because climate is becoming more extreme, but also because population and asset densities in cities are increasing. There is a need for models that can explain the damage process of urban flooding and support damage prevention. Recent improvements in flood modeling have highlighted the importance of urban topography...

Global climate change (GCC) has led to increased focus on the occurrence of, and preparation for, climate-related extremes and hazards. Population exposure, the relative likelihood that a person in a given location was exposed to a given hazard event(s) in a given period of time, was the outcome for this analysis. Our objectives were to develop a method for estimating the population exposure at...

An increase in the occurrence of sudden local flooding of great volume and short duration has caused significant danger and loss of life and property in Korea as well as many other parts of the World. Since such floods usually accompanied by rapid runoff and debris flow rise quite quickly with little or no advance warning to prevent flood damage, this study presents a new flash flood indexing m...

â â â  many of environmental conditions are explainable, either directly or indirectly with regard to topographical changes in pressure levels of high atmosphere. thus, studying this subject is great importance. in this article, after determining the threshold of flood in catchment, altitudinal data of 500 hp level for 44 storms generating floods during (1370_1384) were processed using the fact...